Preparation and evaluation of polymeric beads composed of Chitosan–Gellan Gum–Gum Ghatti/-Gum Karaya polyelectrolyte complexes as polymeric carrier for enteric sustained delivery of Diclofenac sodium

Abstract

Background An enteric coating is a multistep technique that involves deposition of a polymeric barrier over uncoated orally administered tablets to prevent them from dissolving or disintegrating in the stomach. However, as soon as the coating dissolves in the alkaline environment of intestine, the whole of the drug come in direct contact with gastric mucosa leading to irritation to distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Considering the above facts, there is clear need to develop a simple and effective enteric release formulation for gastric irritant drugs like Diclofenac sodium (DS). The goal of this study was to create enteric release polymeric polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) beads made up of cationic Chitosan (CH) and anionic Gellan Gum (GG) for sustained DS delivery to the intestine. The beads were prepared by extruding a solution of GG and Gum Ghatti (GT) or GG and Gum Karaya (GK) bearing DS into CH solution in 1% w/v acetic acid, with the help of a syringe fitted with a 18 gauge hypodermic needle. Results Instantly created spherical beads were dried in a hot air oven 60 °C overnight. In 0.1 M HCl and 6.8 pH phosphate buffer, the dried beads were tested for drug entrapment in the beads, in vitro swelling of beads and in vitro drug release studies from the beads. The % drug entrapment efficiencies (% DEE) of these PEC beads ranged from 59.54 ± 2.09 to 81.03 ± 4.22%. In 0.1 M HCl, the PEC beads swelled the least in vitro, but expanded significantly in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The in vitro release of Diclofenac sodium from different PEC beads in 0.1 M HCl was found to be less than 7.5 percent, whereas the release was sustained for 6 h in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Conclusions From the experimental data, it may be concluded that these PEC beads can be useful as potential multiple-unit enteric release polymeric carrier systems for sustained delivery of gastric irritant drugs like Diclofenac sodium.

Preparation and Enhancing Properties of pH‐Sensitive Hydrogel in Light of Gum Ghatti‐cl‐poly(acrylic acid)/ – o‐MWCNT for Sodium Diclofenac Drug Release

“…The first endothermic peak may be ascribed to volatilization of water, while the second endothermic peak can be attributed to breakdown, with the polymer's first and ultimate decomposition happening at 243 °C, respectively. [ 43 ]…”

“…The first endothermic peak may be ascribed to volatilization of water, while the second endothermic peak can be attributed to breakdown, with the polymer's first and ultimate decomposition happening at 243 °C, respectively. [43] However, the loaded GGAACNT0 and GGAACNT3 produce a DSC thermogram with a broad endothermic peak at 231 °C, 234 °C, and a new endothermic peak at 180.70 °C and 180.68 °C (Figure 4d, e). Furthermore, both the polymer and the sodium diclofenac breakdown peaks vanish.…”

Production of biochar from Melia azedarach seeds for the crystal violet dye removal from water: combining of hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis

“…The characteristic peak located at lower intensity 1110 cm −1 is assigned to C – O–C stretching vibrations [ 15 ]. Meanwhile, the small peak observed at 1073 cm −1 is attributed to the C-O stretching of organic compounds such as esters [ 11 , 16 ]. Finally, the narrow peak observed at 740 cm −1 represents the distinctive vibrational patterns of C-H bonds found specifically in aromatic rings [ 11 ].…”

Gastroprotective Effects of Biological Macromolecule: Polysaccharides

“…Additionally, ionic nature polysaccharides, both positively charged (cationic natured) like chitosan and negatively charged like sodium gellan gum, heparin, etc., have the inherent capacity to recognize the distinct cells with directing moieties via the distinct receptors. [50,51] The formulation of numerous types of drug delivery dosage forms, including emulsions, tablets, microparticles, injectables, suspensions, capsules, hydrogels, gels, beads, and patches, nanoparticles, and films, fibers, scaffolds, etc. frequently uses a variety of naturally occurring polysaccharides as a carbohydrate excipient.…”