Preparation and electrochemical performance of P⁵⁺-doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

Li4Ti5−xPxO12 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) as an anode material was synthesized using a sol-gel method with Ti(C4H9O)4, Li2CO3, and NH4H2PO4, followed by a calcination treatment. The influences of P5+ doping on the crystal structure, phase composition, and morphology of Li4Ti5−xPxO12 were analyzed by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5−xPxO12 were characterized using galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles, cyclic voltammetry, and alternating current impedance experiments. The results indicate that when x = 0.2, the Li4Ti4.8P0.2O12 sample exhibits the best initial discharge specific capacity of 132.1 mAh g−1 at first cycle, and the discharge specific capacity remains at 128.3 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles.

Structural Engineering of Anode Materials for Low-Temperature Lithium-Ion Batteries: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Prospects

“…Under − 20 °C, the NLTO anode maintained a capacity of 128.6 mAh g −1 at 0.34 A g −1 and 119.4 mAh g −1 at 1.7 A g −1 . Besides, doping other metal ions into the crystal structure, such as La 3+ [ 98 ], Co 3+ [ 95 ], Mg 2+ [ 105 ], and W 6+ [ 96 ], has also been attempted to enhance their intrinsic electronic conductivity and ion diffusivity.…”

“…The incorporation of N atoms into the TiO 2 lattice has enhanced the electronic conductivity of NTT/G, leading to a high reversible specific capacity (211 mAh g −1 , 0.1 A g −1 ) and good cycling stability (about 93% within 500 cycles) at − 20 °C. Of course, a co-doping of metal cations and nonmetal anions has also been investigated [ 98 ]. Representatively, the introduction of La 3+ into the LTO structure induced lattice deformation, thereby enhancing the Li + storage capacity; however, this modification exhibited relatively poor stability over prolonged cycling.…”

Dual-Modified Li4Ti5O12 Anode by Copper Decoration and Carbon Coating to Boost Lithium Storage

“…Unfortunately, one of the key issues influencing the widespread application of LTO is the inherent poor electronic conductivity. Some methods have been proposed to ameliorate the sluggish electronic and ionic transfer capability, including reducing the particle dimension down to the nanoscale, compositing or coating with conductive materials, − morphology optimization, − and doping with heterogeneous atoms. − …”