Preparation and Efficacy of a Live Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine Encapsulated in Chitosan Nanoparticles

Abstract

BackgroundNewcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry caused by pathogenic strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Live NDV vaccines are administered by drinking water, eyedrops or coarse aerosol spray. To further enhance mucosal immune responses, chitosan nanoparticles were developed for the mucosal delivery of a live NDV vaccine.Methodology/Principal FindingsA lentogenic live-virus vaccine (strain LaSota) against NDV encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles were developed using an ionic crosslinking method. Chitosan nanoparticles containing the lentogenic live-virus vaccine against NDV (NDV-CS-NPs) were produced with good morphology, high stability, a mean diameter of 371.1 nm, an encapsulation rate of 77% and a zeta potential of +2.84 mV. The Western blotting analysis showed that NDV structural proteins were detected in NDV-CS-NPs. The virus release assay results of NDV-CS-NPs indicated that NDV was released from NDV-CS-NPs. Chickens immunized orally or intranasally with NDV-CS-NPs were fully protected whereas one out of five chickens immunized with the LaSota live NDV vaccine and three out of five chickens immunized with the inactivated NDV vaccine were dead after challenge with the highly virulent NDV strain F48E9.Conclusions/SignificanceNDV-CS-NPs induced better protection of immunized specific pathogen free chickens compared to the live NDV vaccine strain LaSota and the inactivated NDV vaccine. This study lays a foundation for the further development of mucosal vaccines and drugs encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles.

Preparation and efficacy of Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles

“…The results showed that there was no damage to NDV proteins after encapsulation; better immune responses in SPF chickens immunized with NDV-CS-NPs were induced; and the release of the NDV was prolonged compared to chickens immunized with the live NDV vaccine strain La Sota. 37 To further prove whether biodegradable polymers could also be used as a delivery vector for veterinary antigen genes and the prepared biodegradable polymer microparticles could realize sustained release and induce desired mucosal immunity, we prepared F gene plasmid DNA of NDV encapsulated in …”

Polymer-Based DNA Delivery Systems for Cancer Immunotherapy

“…The high density of positive charges along the polymeric chain contributes to the condensation of the negatively charged DNA, and more frequently, siRNA molecules, into compact structures, thus protecting them from degradation by blood nucleases, promoting their cellular uptake [ 90 ]. Chitosan also possess adhesive properties by interacting with glycoproteins in the mucus [ 91 ], and is thus used in muco-adhesive drug delivery systems as an adsorption enhancer [ 92 ]. DNA plasmid incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles was able to induce DCs maturation and increase IFN-γ secretion from T cells after pulmonary mucosal immunization [ 93 ].…”

Recombinant Newcastle disease virus-vectored vaccines against human and animal infectious diseases

“…Like other types of human paramyxovirus-vectored vaccines administered by the respiratory route, NDV is also particularly effective for the development of vectored vaccines transmitted through the respiratory tract [17]. Recent studies revealed that nanoparticles are a potential drug delivery with proper size and the safety and efficiency of NDV encapsulated in nanoparticles are widely studied [130][131][132][133]. Therefore, rNDV-vectored vaccines encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles may provide a promising foundation for developing and testing the human vaccines delivered via the IN/IT route.…”