Preparation and characterization of nano-chitin whisker reinforced PVDF membrane with excellent antifouling property

Novel electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride-graphene oxide-silver nanocomposite membranes with protein and bacterial antifouling characteristics

“…For example, the contact angle of electrospun PVDF mat in this study is 141.9±0.8°. However, water contact angle of phase-inverted PVDF mat is only 99.2° [23].…”

“…The water flux of a membrane was recorded at 0.1 MPa as Jw 1 . The permeation flux was determined from the Equation (1) [23,26]: (1) where V [L] is the deionized water or BSA solution permeate volume, A [m 2 ] is the effective area of membrane, and Δt [h] is the permeation time. Afterwards, aqueous BSA solution (1.0 g/L) was applied to the membrane at a constant pressure of 0.1 MPa for 30 min, and recorded as J p .…”

“…Accordingly, the flux recovery ratio (FRR) was determined from the following expression given by Equation (3) [23,26]:…”

“…However, environmental degradation of Fe [20,21] due to its extremely high chemical reactivity makes iron nanoparticles unsuitable for practical applications. In this respect, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), TiO 2 , SiO 2 nanoparticles, nanochitin whiskers, and grapheneoxide nanoplatelets have been added to PVDF to form nanocomposite membranes via the phase inversion method [22][23][24]. AgNPs are known to exhibit excellent antimicrobial resistance upon contact with bacterial cell membranes.…”

Hydrophilic modification of polyvinylidene fluoride membrane by blending amphiphilic copolymer via thermally induced phase separation

“…The membrane porosity ε (%) was measured by a gravimetric method as the following equation: where m 1 and m 2 are the mass of wet and dry membrane respectively; ρ Ethanol and ρ PVDF are the density of ethanol (0.79 g·cm −3 at 20°C) and PVDF (1.74 g·cm −3 ) …”