Preparation and characterization of high yield cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) derived from ball mill pretreatment and maleic acid hydrolysis

Seta, Frederikus Tunjung; An, Xingye; Liu, Liqin; Zhang, Hao; Yang, Jian; Zhang, Wei; Nie, Shuangxi; Yao, Shuangquan; Cao, Huaqiang; Xu, Qinghong; Bu, Yifan

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115942

Cited by 140 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The residual components such as hemicellulose and lignin were also substantially removed from all samples with the absence of peaks at 1741 cm −1 (ester group stretching) and 1534 cm −1 (C=C aromatic vibration), respectively [ 27 ]. Furthermore, the “crystallinity peaks’” at 1425 cm −1 (symmetric CH 2 stretching) and 1464 cm −1 (asymmetric CH 2 stretching) increased in intensities for CPNC3, implying the enhanced crystallites structure within cellulose [ 20 , 28 ]. Additionally, the anhydroglucose-related peaks at 1373 cm −1 (C–H asymmetric stretching), 1092 cm −1 (C–O–C pyranose ring), and 865 cm −1 (β-1,4-glycosidic linkage) were observed for each sample, signaling the typical functional chemistry of NCC product [ 29 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…XRD diffractogram of NCCs is shown in Figure 4 . All samples showed pronounced peaks at 15.2°, 16.7°, 22.6°, and 34.5°, which correlated, respectively, to (1–10), (110), (200), and (004) crystallography planes of Iβ cellulose polymorph structure [ 28 , 29 ]. The peak intensity at 22.6° was greatly enhanced for both CPNC2 and CPNC3 samples, indicating the cellulose crystalline region was predominant in the sample [ 20 , 27 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolation and Production of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Conocarpus Fiber

et al. 2021

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Conocarpus fiber is a lignocellulosic biomass rich in cellulose potentially used for producing nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), a biomaterial extensively employed in various application fields. In the present work, different hydrolysis times of 10, 20 and 30 min were applied to chemically pre-treated Conocarpus fiber to produce CPNC1, CPNC2, and CPNC3 particles. With acid hydrolysis treatment, the yield of NCC product was successfully retained at 17–19%. Individual, rod-like shapes of NCC particles could be clearly observed under microscopy examination. From chemical composition analysis, a relatively pure cellulose compartment was produced for all NCC samples with substantial removal of lignin and hemicellulose. The physicochemical analysis proved that each nanoparticle sample possessed strong cellulose crystalline structure. For thermal analyses, the heat resistance of NCCs was gradually enhanced with the increased hydrolysis times. Therefore, the extracted NCC product from Conocarpus fiber could be a green nano-filler for developing nanocomposite material in the future.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Production of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Conocarpus Fiber

et al. 2021

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“…On the other hand, the yield of CNCs in this process (24%) is lower when compared to the formic acid hydrolysis. [67] Chen and co-workers proposed a simple environmentally benign procedure using 70 wt% of oxalic acid for the isolation of CNCs from the bleached eucalyptus pulp. The acid hydrolysis was carried out at a temperature of 100 C for 45 min.…”

Section: Organic Acid Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review on cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibers: Pretreatment, preparation, and characterization

Nagarajan¹,

Ramanujam²,

Sanjay

et al. 2021

Polymer Composites

190

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Crafting ecological materials from green resources is posing a significant challenge for the researchers and scientists around the globe and has resulted in the development of nanocellulose materials, which has paved the way for enriching the basic knowledge and many opportunities on developing biobased materials. This has augmented the utilization of carbohydrate-based organic materials and successfully replacing conventional nonrenewable materials. Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) belonging to the newer emerging field of nanomaterials are finding increasing interest among the investigators owing to their environmentally sustainable characteristics like biodegradability, biocompatibility, and potential availability in abundance at a cheaper price. The present review article intends to provide a detailed insight about the advancements and various challenges postured in the field of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The article further discusses about different cellulose fiber extraction sources and their methods, purification processes employed, various sample preparation and drying techniques used for CNCs and CNFs. The article also outlines the various characterization methods practiced for scrutinizing CNCs and CNFs when used in polymer matrix composites. Finally, the benefits of using the CNMs in several potential applications such as paper, oil and gas industries, food packaging and structural sectors, conductive ink and water purification areas, medical and printed electronic fields are highlighted in this extensively reviewed article.

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“…There are two main extraction processes in the preparation of nanocelluloses: chemical (such as acid hydrolysis [ 23 , 24 , 25 ] and enzymatic hydrolysis [ 19 , 20 ]) and mechanical treatments (including milling, high-pressure homogenization and ultrasonication [ 26 , 27 ]). Methods that combine chemical and mechanical treatments (such as high-pressure homogenization coupled with strong acid hydrolysis pretreatments [ 28 ] or ball mill pretreatment combined with maleic acid hydrolysis [ 29 ]) were found to generate high quality products [ 30 ]. The preparation process has a considerable influence on the surface structure of nanocellulose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress and Development Demand of Nanocellulose Reinforced Polymer Composites

Shen

Xue

et al. 2020

Polymers

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Nanocellulose is a type of nanomaterial with high strength, high specific surface area and high surface energy. Additionally, it is nontoxic, harmless, biocompatible and environmentally friendly and can be extracted from biomass resources. The surface groups of cellulose show high surface energy and binding activity on the nanoscale and can be modified by using various methods. Because nanocellulose has a high elastic modulus, rigidity and a low thermal expansion coefficient, it is an excellent material for polymer reinforcement. This paper summarizes the reinforcement mechanisms of nanocellulose polymer composites with a focus on the role of theoretical models in elucidating these mechanisms. Furthermore, the influence of various factors on the properties of nanocellulose reinforced polymer composites are discussed in combination with analyses and comparisons of specific research results in related fields. Finally, research focus and development directions for the design of high-performance nanocellulose reinforced polymer composites are proposed.

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Preparation and characterization of high yield cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) derived from ball mill pretreatment and maleic acid hydrolysis

Cited by 140 publications

References 60 publications

Isolation and Production of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Conocarpus Fiber

Isolation and Production of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Conocarpus Fiber

A comprehensive review on cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibers: Pretreatment, preparation, and characterization

Research Progress and Development Demand of Nanocellulose Reinforced Polymer Composites

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