Preparation and Characterization of Au/NiPc/Anti-p53/BSA Electrode for Application as a p53 Antigen Sensor

Abstract

While the tumor suppressor protein p53 regulates the cell cycle to prevent cell damage, it also triggers apoptosis and prevents cancer. These inhibitory functions may disappear once the p53 gene is mutated. Under these circumstances, the detection of p53 protein concentrations can have significant clinical applications. In this study, nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) was coated on a gold electrode to produce a modified Au/NiPc electrode. p53 antibodies were bonded to the Au/NiPc electrode by the Ni+2 ion in NiPc, which can be self-assembled with the imidazole group of the p53 protein. The Au/NiPc/anti-p53 electrode was subsequently dripped with a buffer solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to form the Au/NiPc/anti-p53/BSA electrode, which was used for the detection of p53 antigen under 10 mM potassium ferricyanide/potassium ferrocyanide (K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6) solution by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry analyses. The linear detection range and the sensitivity for the p53 antigen were 0.1–500 pg/mL and 60.65 μA/Log (pg/mL)-cm2, respectively, with a detection time of 90–150 s. In addition, Au/NiPc/anti-p53 (100 ng/mL)/BSA electrodes were tested for specificity using glucose, bovine serum albumin, histidine, ascorbic acid, uric acid, prostate-specific antigen, human serum albumin, and human immunoglobulin G. All p-values were <0.0005, indicating an outstanding specificity.

Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Immunosensors for the Detection of Ovarian Cancer Biomarkers

“…About 50% of all human tumors has p53 mutants [70] and is the most common mutations found in human cancers [71]. The serum level and half-life of p53 protein is increased when there are mutations in the Tp53 gene, degradation of protein or viral cancer genes and as such it can be used for screening, prognosis or monitoring of many cancer types such as lung, head, neck, rectal, oral, prostate and some gynecological cancers such as breast and cervical cancers with high diagnostic performance [72]. It is also used as oncomarker for ovarian cancer [16,71,73].…”

“…The developed immunosensor possessed good selectivity with negligible interference when used in complex samples. Not quite long, Chen et al [72] fabricated a time-saving label-free EC immunosensor for p53 detection based on a screen-printed gold electrode (SPGE) functionalized with nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) using drop casting method. Anti-p53 was immobilized onto the surface of the Au/NiPc electrode through the interaction of its imidazole group and Ni +2 ion of NiPc.…”

An Ammonia Gas Sensor Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Hydrogels

“…[47,50,51] Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) are used to analyze and study MNPs and synthesized sensing materials. [52][53][54] In their study, Wu et al synthesized a 3D-AuNPs/GO-hydrogel gas sensor for NO 2 and NH 3 gases, which exhibited good sensitivity, selectivity, and a low limit of detection (LOD) for both gases. [20] Similarly, Wu et al enhanced NH 3 and NO 2 gas sensors by synthesizing steamed graphene hydrogel, resulting in improved response compared to unmodified graphene hydrogel.…”