Preparation and characterization of a biocompatible glucose-sensitive electrospun nanofibers scaffolds containing dexamethasone with enhanced osteogenic properties in vitro high glucose environment

Abstract

Diabetes has made it challenging to repair alveolar bone defects. A successful method for bone repair utilizes a glucose-sensitive osteogenic drug delivery. This study created a new glucose-sensitive nanofiber scaffold with controlled dexamethasone (DEX) release. DEX-loaded polycaprolactone/chitosan (PCL/CS) nanofibers scaffolds were created using electrospinning. The nanofibers had high porosity (>90%) and proper drug loading efficiency (85.51 ± 1.21%). Then, glucose oxidase (GOD) was immobilized on the obtained scaffolds by a natural biological cross-linking agent, genipin (GnP), after soaking in the mixture solution containing GOD and GnP. The enzyme properties and glucose sensitivity of the nanofibers were investigated. The results showed that GOD was immobilized on the nanofibers and exhibited good enzyme activity and stability. Meanwhile, the nanofibers expanded gradually in response to the increase in glucose concentration, followed by the release of DEX increased. The phenomena indicated that the nanofibers could sense glucose fluctuation and possess favorable glucose sensitivity. In addition, the genipin nanofibers group showed lower cytotoxicity in the biocompatibility test compared with a traditional chemical cross-linking agent. Lastly, the associated osteogenesis evaluation found that the scaffolds effectively promoted MC3T3-E1 cells' osteogenic differentiation in high-glucose environments. As a result, the glucose-sensitive nanofibers scaffolds offer a viable treatment option for people with diabetes with alveolar bone defects.

Recent Advancements in Bone Tissue Engineering: Integrating Smart Scaffold Technologies and Bio-Responsive Systems for Enhanced Regeneration

“…Responsive to MMP1 and enabling targeted and controlled release of exosomes; enhanced bone repair in vivo by recruitment of CD90+ stem cells through neovessels [191] PCL/CS/DEX/GOD Electrospinning, genipin Scaffolds effectively promoted osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells in high-glucose conditions…”

“…Further extending the scope of enzyme-responsive scaffolds, Jia et al introduced a glucose oxidase (GOD)-responsive scaffold for diabetic patients, who often experience hindered osteogenesis due to elevated glucose levels [ 191 ]. The scaffold expands in response to increased glucose concentrations, triggering the controlled release of dexamethasone (DEX).…”

Recent advances of responsive scaffolds in bone tissue engineering

“…As the glucose concentration increased, the nanofiber scaffolds gradually expanded, leading to the subsequent release of dexamethasone (DEX), which possesses anti-inflammatory properties and promotes bone formation. Thus, these glucosesensitive nanofiber scaffolds present a promising therapeutic approach for individuals with diabetes and alveolar bone defects (Jia et al, 2023).…”

An Acetylcholine Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Bi-Enzyme Functionalized Nanofiber Composites

“…21 To date, carbon-based materials, metals and their oxides, macromoleclar polymer, organometallic frame material and electrospun nanofibers were used as the carriers of the enzyme. 22,23 Among them, electrospun nanofibers, with large specific surface area, high porosity, good uniformity and interconnectivity, win out among numerous materials and are widely used in fixing enzyme. 24 At present, cellulose acetate (CA), chitosan (CS), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyaniline (PANI), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and so on, are commonly used electrospun nanofiber.…”