Preparation & Characterization of Sodium Sulfide Hydrates for Application in Thermochemical Storage Systems

Water sorption-based thermochemical storage materials: A review from material candidates to manufacturing routes

“…The outstanding candidates are listed in Figure 3, according to their deployment level. The preferred candidates by researchers and the ones that have reached higher development levels are magnesium chloride (Kim et al, 2014;Whiting et al, 2014;Nedea et al, 2016;Soda and Beyene, 2016;Pathak et al, 2017;Posern and Osburg, 2017;Sutton et al, 2018a), strontium bromide (Courbon et al, 2017a), (Zhang et al, 2016;Zhao et al, 2016;Fopah-Lele and Tamba, 2017;Fopah-Lele and Gaston, 2017;Gilles et al, 2018), magnesium sulfate (Posern and Kaps, 2008;Whiting et al, 2013;Ferchaud et al, 2014;Calabrese et al, 2018), sodium sulfate (Scapino et al, 2017b;Sharma et al, 1990;De Jong et al, 2014;Roelands et al, 2015;Solé et al, 2016), and calcium chloride (Molenda et al, 2012;Bouché et al, 2016;Jabbari-Hichri et al, 2017;van der Pal and Critoph, 2017;Sutton et al, 2018b). In the past 3 years, potassium carbonate has appeared as a new promising candidate for building applications, although this material has not reached a deployed level yet (Linnow et al, 2014;Sögütoglu et al, 2018;Gaeini et al, 2019;Shkatulov et al, 2020a).…”

“…For short storage applications, it can be considered as storage and thermal comfort material (also as phase change material). The high enthalpy (ΔH °r = 67,400 J•mol −1 G ) and density of hexahydrated strontium bromide (2.386 g/cm 3 ) allow the salt to reach a high Summary of TCM/matrix pair studies found in the literature (Whiting et al, 2014;Whiting et al, 2013;Roelands et al, 2015;Shkatulov et al, 2020a;Hongois et al, 2011;Casey et al, 2014;Miao et al, 2021;Mauran et al, 2008;Myagmarjav et al, 2014;Gordeeva et al, 2002;Kim et al, 2013;Jiang et al, 2013;Aristov et al, 1996;Mrowiec-Białoń et al, 1997;Gordeeva et al, 1998b;Iammak et al, 2004;Zhu et al, 2006;Freni et al, 2007;Wu et al, 2007;Fujioka et al, 2008;Li et al, 2009a;Li et al, 2009b;Simonova et al, 2009;Posern and Kaps, 2010;Shkatulov et al, 2012;Tian et al, 2012;Tso and Chao, 2012;Tanashev et al, 2013;Druske et al, 2014;Duan et al, 2014;Ristić and Henninger, 2014;Zamengo et al, 2014;Jabbari-Hichri et al, 2015;Kerskes, 2016;Wang et al, 2016;Shere et al, 2018;Ousaleh et al, 2019;Li et al, 2021) Frontiers in Thermal Engineering frontiersin.org TABLE 4 Literature review of relevant prop...…”

“…Sodium sulphide is a widely studied TCM that has reached the prototype level and has been chosen as a candidate in several thermal storage projects like TEPIDIUS, SWEAT, and MERITS. One of the reasons behind that is its large energy density (2.66 GJ/m 3 from penta to hemihydrate (Roelands et al, 2015)). Although it attracted significant interest in the past, Na 2 S.nH 2 O has some remarkable drawbacks, it is highly corrosive and reactive with the risk of outgassing H 2 S (Donkers et al, 2017).…”

“…Although it attracted significant interest in the past, Na 2 S.nH 2 O has some remarkable drawbacks, it is highly corrosive and reactive with the risk of outgassing H 2 S (Donkers et al, 2017). In addition, physical instability involves phase transitions of sodium sulphide hydrate salts, as shown in the phase diagram of sodium sulphide (De Boer et al, 2002); (1) at a temperature of 49 °C, a phase transition of the nonahydrate salt to the pentahydrate salt occurs while simultaneously a solution of sodium sulphide forms, (2) at a temperature of 83 °C the pentahydrate structure partially dissolves while it forms a solution of sodium sulphide (Roelands et al, 2015). However, when researchers started to work with Na 2 S, they were driven by the promising energy density but there was a lack of prototype studies results that later revealed its chemical, physical, and mechanical limitations.…”

A Study of the Hydration and Dehydration Transitions of Srcl2 Hydrates for Use in Heat Storage

“…Most of these salt hydrates have a high energy density (e.g. K 2 CO 3 1.28 GJ/m 3 [4] and hexa-to monohydrate CaCl 2 2.16 GJ/m 3 [14]), but some have stability issues resulting in the release of toxic gas (MgCl 2 and Na 2 S [4,15]), or rehydration issues due to limited water vapour transport (MgSO 4 ) [12].…”