Premenstrual syndrome: management and pathophysiology

Abstract

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is triggered by hormonal events ensuing after ovulation. The symptoms can begin in the early, mid, or late luteal phase and are not associated with defined concentrations of any specific gonadal or non-gonadal hormone. Women with PMS experience affective or somatic symptoms that cause severe dysfunction in social or occupational realms. Although evidence for a hormonal abnormality has not been established, the symptoms of the premenopausal disorders are related to the production of progesterone by the ovary. The progesterone metabolites may bind to a neurosteroid-binding site on the membrane of the neurotransmitters. Thus, ovulation suppression is an area of focus for diagnostic and treatment options. Many treatment studies have focused on suppression of ovulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa), high doses of transdermal estrogen, and bilateral oophorectomy all have positive evidence as treatment options for prevention of PMS. However, because of these limitations and their substantial intensive care, these do not appear to be appropriate methods for conventional treatment of PMS. Serotonergic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, are well-established, highly effective, and first-line pharmacologic therapy.

Efeito da ingestão de chocolate no desejo por doces e sintomas caracterí­sticos da sí­ndrome da tensão pré-menstrual

“…Alguns sintomas podem ser justificados pelas alterações hormonais decorrentes do ciclo menstrual, que é dividido em 3 fases: folicular, ovulatória e lútea [25].…”

“…Na ausência da fecundação, este composto é degenerado, acompanhando a redução dos níveis de estrógeno e progesterona. Com este declínio hormonal ocorrem a menstruação e o início de um novo ciclo [25].…”

Premenstrual Syndrome, Life Style & Behavioral Coping Mechanisms and Associated Factors Among Public High School Regular Female Students at Bahir Dar City, Northwest, Ethiopia

“…Many women think of PMS as a normal, non-distressing, and non-debilitating syndrome (12), and even many clinicians still think as PMS is not a serious health condition (13). Even though premenstrual syndrome is a serious condition that affects a woman's life ,only 28.8% of them seek medical help due to atitudinal barriers (14).…”

Patterns of premenstrual syndrome in collegiate women: A cross-sectional study

“…[ 16 , 17 ] Furthermore, daily physical activity and mental aspects were associated with the severity of PMS. [ 18 , 19 ] Thus, it is desirable to establish a tailor-made treatment method according to the type of symptoms. However, these previous researches investigated the association of each factor and PMS.…”