Patterns of premenstrual syndrome in collegiate women: A cross-sectional study

Abstract

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has a wide variety of symptoms. The classification of these symptoms into several patterns is useful for more effective tailor-made treatment. Therefore, our study aimed to examine the patterns of PMS by analyzing multiple factors to identify the characteristics of each pattern. This is a cross-sectional study. A total of 165 women (18.9 ± 1.0 years) were investigated by using of questionnaire about PMS, nutrition, physical activity, and other lifestyle traits. Then, the factor analysis was performed to classify the premenstrual symptoms, that is, the pattern of PMS. Additionally, logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the characteristics of each pattern, adjusted for age, body mass index, sleep duration, and caffeine intake. As the result, PMS was classified into 3 patterns. The type related to psychological symptoms such as depression, physiological symptoms, such as abdominal pain, and intermingled type, were labeled as affected, somatic, and mixed types, respectively. From the result of logistic regression analysis, self-rating depression scale scoring was marginally associated with affective type (odds ratio [OR]: 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99-1.16), physical activity was significantly associated with the mixed type (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.00-1.28), and physical activity (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.05-1.36) and some nutrients (OR: 0.56-1.00) were significantly associated with the somatic type. Understanding PMS and management of these complicated symptoms has been difficult. From the results of this study, the complicated symptoms were categorized into simpler patterns. Our findings may contribute to the understanding and possible management adjusted for each categorized case of PMS.Abbreviations: 95% CIs = 95% confidence intervals, ACOG = American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, BDHQ = brief self-administered diet history questionnaire, BMI = body mass index, DHQ = dietary history questionnaire, IPAQ-SF = International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form, KMO = Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, METs = metabolic equivalents, ORs = odds ratios, PMDD = premenstrual dysphoric disorder, PMS = premenstrual syndrome, SDS = self-rating depression scale, SSRIs = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

A Survey of the Menstrual Status of Female College Students

“…The type and degree of symptoms vary by individual; psychosocial and environmental factors may alter the presentation of these symptoms. High BMI, high lipid intake, nutritional status, smoking status, and stress have all been reported as potential factors in the development of PMS [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. These findings suggest that understanding and improving lifestyle habits can lead to relief from premenstrual pain and other symptoms.…”

Association between premenstrual syndrome and eating disturbance in college students: a cross-sectional study

“…PMS symptoms were defined by referring to previous studies [19] and adding the 10 symptoms used in the diagnostic criteria of the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology [22] to the 8 symptoms reported in previous studies [23][24][25], totaling 18 symptoms according to expert opinion (Table 1). For each of the 18 symptoms, respondents were asked to select one of three options: "no symptoms, " "symptoms not enough to be bothersome but bothersome, " or "bothersome. "…”

“…Those who responded that they were "bothersome" by any of the 18 overall PMS symptoms were classified as "disturbed" and the rest were classified as "not disturbed. Similarly, the two groups were divided into two groups according to whether or not they were disturbed by any of the 10 physical symptoms and whether or not they were disturbed by any of the 8 mental symptoms [21][22][23][24].…”

Status Gizi, Asupan Zat Besi, Kalsium, Vitamin B6 Dengan Pramenstruasi Sindrom Pada Mahasiswa Kebidanan

“…Kedua termasuk motivasi yang buruk, konsentrasi yang buruk, kelelahan, perut kembung, mengantuk, nyeri punggung bawah, pembengkakan pada tangan atau kaki, dan nafsu makan meningkat. Tipe ketiga meliputi lekas marah, payudara nyeri tekan atau nyeri, nyeri perut, dan sakit kepala (Morino, Hirata, Matsumoto, Yokota, & Aoyama, 2022) Zat gizi merupakan unsur yang terdapat pada makanan yang dapat memberikan manfaat bagi kesehatan tubuh. Sumber makanan yang dimakan masing-masing mempunyai kandungan zat gizi yang berbeda baik dari jenis maupun jumlahnya (Mawitjere, Amisi, & Sanggelorang, 2021 ) Asupan Zat besi, kalsium dan vitamin B6 merupakan zat gizi yang diperlukan oleh tubuh dan memiliki peranan penting dalam mencegah suatu penyakit dengan meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh dengan jumlah yang sedikit untuk pertumbuhan serta perkembangan yang optimal.…”

“…Kedua termasuk motivasi yang buruk, konsentrasi yang buruk, kelelahan, perut kembung, mengantuk, nyeri punggung bawah, pembengkakan pada tangan atau kaki, dan nafsu makan meningkat. Tipe ketiga meliputi lekas marah, payudara nyeri tekan atau nyeri, nyeri perut, dan sakit kepala (Morino, Hirata, Matsumoto, Yokota, & Aoyama, 2022).…”