Preliminary studies on the formulation of immune stimulating complexes using saponin from Carica papaya leaves

Abstract

There have been several modifications in the use of immune stimulating complexes as adjuvants, such as the replacement of phospholipids with saponin content. Not much research has been done on the use of local alternatives. This actually instigated the use of a local alternative saponin source from Carica papaya leaves to formulate Iscomatrix adjuvant. The Iscomatrix samples used in this study were formulated using different methods (the rapid injection, the reversed rapid injection, the slow/dropwise injection and the reversed slow/dropwise injection methods). Furthermore, the quantity of the components was also varied. These formulated samples were compared with other adjuvants and analysed for their ability to induce antibody and cell mediated immune responses using animal model i.e. mice. The results showed that the Iscomatrix samples formulated, were able to induce significant humoral and antibody mediated immune response (ranging from 16.7 % - 38.88 %) and they also elicited cell mediated immune response (ranging from 8.33 % - 16.7 %) when compared to the models that were administered with antigen only. Further characterizations were made, such as pH, UV scanning, Scanning Electron Microscopy. The analysis revealed that the samples were slightly soluble in distilled water with a neutral pH ranging from 7.26 – 7.43. The UV analysis also indicated that they all had a close range of absorption peaks (between 266.8-269.37 nm). Saponin from Carica papaya leaves can be used to formulate Iscomatrix adjuvant capable of stimulating cell mediated and antibody mediated immune responses.

Preparation and efficacy of freeze-dried inactivated vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea virus genotypes 1 and 2, bovine herpes virus type 1.1, bovine parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus

“…It is clear from the results that the using of Pneumo-5 reconstituted in 1.5 mg saponin/dose gave higher and protective titers in the 4th-week post-vaccination than the other dose 1 mg saponin/dose. These results agree with those of Ojiako et al [ 27 ] who mentioned that the using of saponin with vaccine as adjuvant by certain concentration become well than other adjuvants, where saponin able to stimulate strong antibody production.…”

“…In the present study, the Pneumo-5 vaccine performance was assessed against BVDV genotypes 1 and 2, BoHV-1.1, BPI-3V, and BRSV. The saponin extracted from Quillaja Sapinaria Molina was used as adjuvant to stimulate and activate the humeral immune responses [ 27 ].…”

Evaluation of the Effect of Hydroethanolic Root Extract and Solvent Fractions of Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud. ex A. Rich) Descoings ex Wild & Drummond on Cell-Mediated Immune Response and Blood Cell Count in Mice

“…Although the hydroethanolic root extracts at all doses revealed the highest DTH response compared to the solvent fractions of comparable dose, no statically significant difference ( p > 0.05) was observed. The increased DTH response might be attributable to the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and carbohydrates [ 17 – 19 ].…”

Effect of a Fermented Mixture of Papaya Leaf and Seed Meal on Production Traits and Intestinal Ecology of the Indonesian Indigenous Crossbred Chickens

“…In this respect, feeding FERM seemed to be beneficial in improving the immune functions of the ICC. In addition to the effect of feeding fermented feed in improving the immune responses (Sugiharto and Ranjitkar, 2019), the presences of some bioactive compounds in papaya leaf and seed such as saponin (Ojiako et al, 2019) may also be responsible for the improved immune response of the chickens.…”