Evaluation of the Effect of Hydroethanolic Root Extract and Solvent Fractions of Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud. ex A. Rich) Descoings ex Wild & Drummond on Cell-Mediated Immune Response and Blood Cell Count in Mice

Abstract

Introduction. Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud. ex A. Rich) Descoings ex wild & Drummond (Vitaceae) has been used in traditional medicine for the management of various immunological and hematological disorders in different areas of Ethiopia and the rest of the world. In Ethiopia, the plant is used for the management of enlarged spleen, rabies virus, helminthic infection, snake bite, and various types of tumors. Objective. To evaluate the effect of hydroethanolic root extract and solvent fractions of Cyphostemma adenocaule on cell-mediated immunity (delayed-type hypersensitivity), organ index (spleen and liver), and blood cell count in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods. Acute oral toxicity test was conducted using nulliparous and nonpregnant Swiss albino mice following OECD 425 limit test method. Delayed-type hypersensitivity model was used to evaluate the effect on cell-mediated immunity. The experimental animals were divided into twelve groups which were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells on day 0 and day 7, respectively. Levamisole 50 mg/kg was used as stimulant control, whereas cyclophosphamide 30 mg/kg was used as suppressant control. Hydroethanolic root extract (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg), aqueous fraction (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg), and n-butanol fraction (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg) were administered for seven days. The paw volume was measured using a digital plethysmometer before challenge and 24 hours after challenge. Blood was collected, and organs (spleen and liver) were isolated from each challenged mouse to determine blood cell count and organ index, respectively. Results. No mortality and noticeable behavioral changes were observed among all mice receiving hydroethanolic root extract and solvent fractions at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Hydroethanolic root extract and solvent fractions of Cyphostemma adenocaule showed enhancement of delayed-type hypersensitivity, organ index, and blood cell count. Hydroethanolic root extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg showed the highest and statistically significant stimulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity (0.123 ± 0.010) and blood cell count compared to the vehicle. Conclusion. Hydroethanolic root extract and solvent fractions of Cyphostemma adenocaule showed a stimulatory effect on cell-mediated immunity and hematopoiesis.

In-vivo evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of crude extract and solvent fractions of Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud. ex A.Rich)

“…Based on the reported safety profile of the crude extract and solvent fractions at a limit dose of 2000 mg/kg; 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of crude extract and solvent fractions were taken as treatment doses [ 15 ]. Thus, Mice were randomly grouped into sixteen groups for the carbon clearance test ( Table 1 ) and twelve groups for Humoral antibody titer ( Table 2 ).…”

“…C. adenocaule is reported to for its antiplasmodial [ 13 ], antioxidant [ 11 ], anthelminthic [ 14 ], and anti-inflammatory activities [ 11 ]. The plant also has a proliferative effect on blood cells in mice models [ 15 ]. The traditional medicinal claims of the plant might be due to the immunomodulatory effect of its bioactive metabolites.…”

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Efficacies of Secondary Metabolites from the Roots of Cyphostemma adenocaule: A Combined In Vitro and In Silico Study

“…( Figure 1 ) is one of the most prevalent vegetable plants grown in many parts of Africa, i.e., Ethiopia, Angola, Nigeria, Eritrea, Ghana, Uganda, Congo, Senegal, Malawi, and Mozambique [ 7 , 8 ]. In Ethiopia, the plant has different vernacular names, such as Hareg Temen (Tigrinya), Aserkuh Aserkush (Amharic), and Hida Bofa (Afan Oromo) [ 9 ]. In Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, the fresh roots of the plant have long been used against rabies, snake bite, and wound healing [ 10 ] and traditional healers around Gondar, Ethiopia, use the boiled root of C. adenocaule with milk and drink it to treat rabies [ 11 ].…”

Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from Ccyphostemma adenocaule and Ziziphus spinachristi

“…Scores of research studies showed that plant EOs from the genus of the two plants possess chemical compounds with broad pharmacological and biological properties [14]. In Ethiopia, the genus Cyphostemma have long been used for the treatment of rabies, snake bites and skull wounds, and also possess antimalarial, anticancer, antitumor and antihelminthic properties [15]. EOs of the genus Ziziphus have also been used in folk medicine against some diseases, such as diabetes, skin infections, diarrhea, fever, obesity and digestive disorders [16].…”

“…Cyphostemma adenocaule (Figure 1A) which belongs to the Vitaceae family, is locally called Aserkuh Aserkush (Amharic), Hareg Temen (Tigrinya) and Hida Bofa (Afan Oromo), and is traditionally used to treat urinary tract infections, syphilis, bloody diarrhea, rabies and snake bite [12], helminthic infections and anthrax [15]. Previous in vitro biological studies also revealed that, the plant possess anticancer [18], antioxidant [19], antibacterial [20], antitumor [18], antiplasmodial [12] and deworming [21] activities.…”