Preliminary evaluation of the use of macrophage aggregates (MA) as fish health monitors

Wolke, Richard E.; Murchelano, Robert A.; Dickstein, Craig D.; George, Carl J.

doi:10.1007/bf01636502

Cited by 109 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It is well documented that number and size of melano-macrophage centres in fish are highly variable in adaptation to actual requirements. Various adverse conditions associated with extended tissue breakdown and haemolysis cause enlargement of melano-macrophage centres in eel and other species (Agius 1979, Agius & Roberts 1981, Wolke et al 1985, Herraez & Zapata 1986, whereas exposure of plaice Pleuronectes platessa to potassium dichromate results in fragmentation of splenic melano-macrophage centres along with increased numbers of melano-macrophages in splenic blood vessels (Kranz & Gercken 1987). These authors conclude a decreased ability of melano-macrophages to accumulate, possibly due to a toxicant-induced reduction of chemotactic activity (Weeks et al 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This stimulation may have been a direct effect of the chemicals, or, more likely, a consequence of the high degree of toxicant-induced necrosis resulting in debris that has to be removed. Normally, the phagocytotic capacity of the spleen in eel and other species is mainly associated with number and extent of melano-macrophage centres (Agius & Roberts 1981, Wolke et al 1985. In Rhine eel, however, increased numbers of macrophages may even have taken over part of the phagocytic function of disintegrated melano-macrophage centres.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thermal stress may induce a higher frequency of macrophage aggregates (Blazer et al 1987). Moreover, in different fish species, experimental conditions such as starvation and intoxication as well as certain infectious diseases and age were found to induce similar alterations in blood parameters and macrophage aggregates (Kreutzmann 1977a, Agius 1979, Poels et al 1980, Agius & Roberts 1981, Wasow 1984, Brown & George 1985, Wolke et al 1985, Herraez & Zapata 1986, Blazer et al 1987). These results suggest altered structure and function of fish spleen as a biomarker of general environmental degradation and possibly of the toxic effects of chemicals.…”

Section: Addressee For Correspondencementioning

confidence: 92%

“…So far, toxicological studies on fish spleen have been limited to light microscopic and immunologic techniques. There is infomation about toxic effects on general spleen histology (Poels et al 1980, Moccia et al 1984, Spitsbergen et al 1988a, on components of the immune system and haematology (Kreutzmann 1977a, Wlasow 1984, Spitsbergen et al 1986, Anderson et al 1989, Lauren et al 1989, Wlasow & Dabrowska 1989, and on the coincident occurrence of melanomacrophage centres (Wolke et al 1985, Herraez & Zapata 1986, Kranz & Gercken 1987. However, there are only insufficient data about the bioconcentration of toxic substances in the spleen, which is generally regarded negligible (hbeyre & Boudou 1984, Kleemann et al 1986, Cossarini-Dunier et al 1990.…”

Section: Addressee For Correspondencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytopathology of spleen in eel Anguilla Anguilla exposed to a chemical spill in the Rhine River

Spazier¹,

Storch²,

Braunbeck³

1992

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Structural alterations in the spleen of eel Anguilla anguilla L., following exposure to a chemical spill in the Rhine h v e r in 1986, were investigated by means of light and electron microscopy. Relative abundance of reticulum and blood cells was quantified in comparison to controls. The data presented provide evidence of profound damage to the spleen and its cellular components. Histological and cytological modifications varied within a wide range from minor changes to cell death. Major cytological alterations of reticulum and blood cells included deviations in cytoplasmic density, loss of surface differentiations (cell junctions, pseudopodia), swelling of rnitochondria, formation of rnyelin-like membrane aggregations in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes and nuclear membrane, as well as augmentation of lipid droplets. Severely damaged and necrotic cells were found either diffusely or focally distributed within the splenic reticulum. Melano-macrophages were strongly reduced in number and melano-macrophage centres were lacking. In contrast, considerable numbers of macrophages with intense lysosomal compartmentation, but free of pigments, were present. Spleens were further characterized by the absence of erythroblasts and plasma cells. Histological and cytological findings in the spleen of exposed eel indicate a severe impairment of the efficiency of the central splenic functions, in particular phagocytosis and cell-mediated immune response. Thus, chemical-induced patholopcal processes in the spleen have most likely been a contributing factor to the fatality of the chemical spill to the Rhine eel population. They are discussed in the context of earlier investigations on liver and intestine pathology of Rhine eel. Finally, cytological alterations of fish spleen are suggested as a potential biomarker for toxicant-induced damage in fish.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Addressee For Correspondencementioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Addressee For Correspondencementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Cytopathology of spleen in eel Anguilla Anguilla exposed to a chemical spill in the Rhine River

Spazier¹,

Storch²,

Braunbeck³

1992

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Bile ducts and vascular components were each scattered independently throughout the liver rather than organized into portal triads as they are in mammals. Macrophage aggregates (64) (Fig. 1) and exocrine pancreatic acini also occurred randomly throughout the liver.…”

Section: Noniial Liver: Light Microscopymentioning

confidence: 93%

The Ultrastructure and Histology of Hepatocellular Carcinomas of English Sole (Parophrys vetulus) from Puget Sound, Washington

1988

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Comparisons of Stereological and Other Approaches for Quantifying Macrophage Aggregates in Piscine Spleens

2019

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Macrophage aggregates (MAs) are focal accumulations of pigmented macrophages in the spleen and other tissues of fish. A central role of MAs is the clearance and destruction of degenerating cells and recycling of some cellular components. Macrophage aggregates also respond to chemical contaminants and infectious agents and may play a role in the adaptive immune response. Tissue damage or physiological stress can result in increased MA accumulation. As a result, MAs may be sensitive biomarkers of environmental stress in fish. Abundance of MAs in tissues has been reported in a variety of ways—most commonly as density, mean size, and relative area—but the utility of these estimates has not been compared. In this study, four different types of splenic MA abundance estimates (abundance score, density, relative area, and total volume) were compared in two fish populations (Striped Bass Morone saxatilis and White Perch M. americana) with a wide range in ages. Stereological estimates of total volume indicated an increase in MA abundance with spleen volume, which generally corresponded to fish age, and with splenic infections (mycobacteria or trematode parasites). Abundance scores were generally limited in the ability to detect changes in MA abundance by these factors, whereas density estimates were greatly influenced by changes in spleen volume. In some instances, densities declined while the total volume of MAs and spleen volume increased. Experimentally induced acute stress resulted in a decrease in spleen volume and an increase in MA density, although the total volume of MAs remained unchanged. Relative area estimates accounted for the size and number of MAs but not for changes in organ volume. Total volume is an absolute measure of MA abundance irrespective of changes in organ volume or patterns of accumulation and may provide an improved means of quantifying MAs in the spleens of fish.

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Preliminary evaluation of the use of macrophage aggregates (MA) as fish health monitors

Cited by 109 publications

References 13 publications

Cytopathology of spleen in eel Anguilla Anguilla exposed to a chemical spill in the Rhine River

Cytopathology of spleen in eel Anguilla Anguilla exposed to a chemical spill in the Rhine River

The Ultrastructure and Histology of Hepatocellular Carcinomas of English Sole (Parophrys vetulus) from Puget Sound, Washington

Comparisons of Stereological and Other Approaches for Quantifying Macrophage Aggregates in Piscine Spleens

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