Pregnancy gingivitis: a survey of 100 antenatal patients

The Oral Conditions and Pregnancy Study: Periodontal Status of a Cohort of Pregnant Women

“…Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of gingivitis among women of childbearing age. 10 The prevalence of gingivitis in pregnant women ranges from 30% to 100%. 11,12 Our finding of an improvement in plaque scores during pregnancy is reassuring, and has been reported by others.…”

“…11,12 Our finding of an improvement in plaque scores during pregnancy is reassuring, and has been reported by others. 10,[12][13][14] It may be that study participation positively affected subjects' oral hygiene practices or that, during pregnancy, women tend to pay more attention to health matters in general. 10 The definitions used for this study of periodontal oral health status at study enrollment, delivery, and unfavorable change that occurred between these two time points are not consistent with those traditionally used in the context of clinical periodontal disease assessment.…”

“…10,[12][13][14] It may be that study participation positively affected subjects' oral hygiene practices or that, during pregnancy, women tend to pay more attention to health matters in general. 10 The definitions used for this study of periodontal oral health status at study enrollment, delivery, and unfavorable change that occurred between these two time points are not consistent with those traditionally used in the context of clinical periodontal disease assessment. We acknowledge that controversy over what constitutes true periodontal disease exists, but the underlying pathophysiology between oral infection and adverse pregnancy outcome is under investigation.…”

Effect of pregnancy on gingival inflammation in systemically healthy women: a systematic review

“…Of the 33 included studies, 24 assessed gingival inflammation in terms of GI (Tables 3a and 3b). Twelve of the 24 studies assessing gingival inflammation could not be included in the meta-analyses because they were missing data (El-Ashiry et al 1970, 1971, Adams et al 1974, O'Neil 1979a,b, Kornman & Loesche 1980, Cerna et al 1990, Muramatsu & Takaesu 1994, Lieff et al 2004; they only gave data on the prevalence of gingivitis (Kinnby et al 1996, Diaz-Guzman & Castellanos-Suarez 2004; or they did not use the Loe & Silness (1963) GI (GI_L&S) and could not be grouped (Ringsdorf et al 1962, Cohen et al 1969, 1971, Arafat 1974b.…”

Comparative evaluation of subgingival plaque microflora in pregnant and non-pregnant women: A clinical and microbiologic study

“…[2] Many studies have suggested that gingival changes seen during pregnancy are a result of increased levels of progesterone and its effect on microvasculature. [3] A number of investigators have demonstrated that the hormonal influence on the immune system contributes significantly to the etiopathogenesis of the condition. [4] There is increase in gingivitis independent of a change in clinically detectable plaque mass, lead up to the suggestion that altered steroid levels increase the inflammatory response to given plaque scores.…”