Preferential binding of DAP-PGs by major peptidoglycan recognition proteins found in cell-free hemolymph of Manduca sexta

Kariyawasam, Udeshika; Gulati, Mansi; Wang, Yan; Bao, Haibo; Shan, Tisheng; Li, Xiuru; Cao, Xiaolong; Sumathipala, Niranji; Hu, Yingxia; Zhang, Xiufeng; Boons, Geert‐Jan; Jiang, Haobo

doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103827

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Why this certain AMP can be induced by two independent pathways remains to be further explored. Recently, some studies have shown that AMPs can also be induced by nonconventional activation of the Toll pathway in M. sexta [4,117]. This reminds us that more possibilities may exist for activating these pathways to produce AMPs among insects.…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Previous studies have widely characterized that the Toll pathway responds to invasion by Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. However, a recent finding in M. sexta revealed that PGRPs bound to the mesodiaminopimelic acid-peptidoglycans (DAP-type PGNs) of Gram-negative bacteria can also activate Toll signaling [117]. Toll signaling is triggered when extracellular mature cytokine Spätzle binds to the transmembrane Toll receptor.…”

Section: Insect Amps Regulated By Toll Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insect Antimicrobial Peptides as Guardians of Immunity and Beyond: A Review

Zhou,

Meng,

Zhu

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as immune effectors synthesized by a variety of organisms, not only constitute a robust defense mechanism against a broad spectrum of pathogens in the host but also show promising applications as effective antimicrobial agents. Notably, insects are significant reservoirs of natural AMPs. However, the complex array of variations in types, quantities, antimicrobial activities, and production pathways of AMPs, as well as evolution of AMPs across insect species, presents a significant challenge for immunity system understanding and AMP applications. This review covers insect AMP discoveries, classification, common properties, and mechanisms of action. Additionally, the types, quantities, and activities of immune-related AMPs in each model insect are also summarized. We conducted the first comprehensive investigation into the diversity, distribution, and evolution of 20 types of AMPs in model insects, employing phylogenetic analysis to describe their evolutionary relationships and shed light on conserved and distinctive AMP families. Furthermore, we summarize the regulatory pathways of AMP production through classical signaling pathways and additional pathways associated with Nitric Oxide, insulin-like signaling, and hormones. This review advances our understanding of AMPs as guardians in insect immunity systems and unlocks a gateway to insect AMP resources, facilitating the use of AMPs to address food safety concerns.

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Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Insect Amps Regulated By Toll Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect Antimicrobial Peptides as Guardians of Immunity and Beyond: A Review

Zhou,

Meng,

Zhu

et al. 2024

IJMS

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“…In Manduca sexta, efficient initiation of the immune protease cascades was triggered by orthologous PRRs (32)(33)(34). The difference is that PGRPs circulating in Manduca hemolymph bind preferentially to diaminopimelic acidtype peptidoglycan (DAP-PG) than Lys-PG (35,36). The initiation signals are subsequently amplified through a complex network of at least 12 serine proteases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evolutionarily conserved serine protease network mediates melanization and Toll activation in Drosophila

Shan,

Wang,

Bhattarai

et al. 2023

Sci. Adv.

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Melanization and Toll pathway activation are essential innate immune mechanisms in insects, which result in the generation of reactive compounds and antimicrobial peptides, respectively, to kill pathogens. These two processes are mediated by phenoloxidase (PO) and Spätzle (Spz) through an extracellular network of serine proteases. While some proteases have been identified in Drosophila melanogaster in genetic studies, the exact order of proteolytic activation events remains controversial. Here, we reconstituted the serine protease framework in Drosophila by biochemical methods. This system comprises 10 proteases, i.e., ModSP, cSP48, Grass, Psh, Hayan-PA, Hayan-PB, Sp7, MP1, SPE and Ser7, which form cascade pathways that recognize microbial molecular patterns and virulence factors, and generate PO1, PO2, and Spz from their precursors. Furthermore, the serpin Necrotic negatively regulates the immune response progression by inhibiting ModSP and Grass. The biochemical approach, when combined with genetic analysis, is crucial for addressing problems that long stand in this important research field.

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