Preferences for emotional information in older and younger adults: A meta-analysis of memory and attention tasks.

Murphy, Nora A.; Isaacowitz, Derek M.

doi:10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.263

Cited by 291 publications

(279 citation statements)

References 164 publications

(141 reference statements)

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“…This finding differs from our earlier work, in which no age differences in self ratings were found (Keightley, et al, 2006), but is consistent with numerous reports of a negative emotional bias in younger adults and a positive emotional bias in older adults (e.g., Murphy & Isaacowitz, 2008;Spaniol, et al, 2008). Older adults also scored more highly on agreeableness, consistent with this type of positivity bias and with reports of more positive affect or mood in older relative to younger adults (Gross et al, 1997;Lawton, Kleban, Rajagopal, & Dean, 1992) and with reported age differences in personality traits (e.g., McCrae, et al, 1999;McCrae, et al, 2005).…”

Section: Task Performancecontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…This type of positivity bias in older adults has been somewhat elusive in the literature (for a review see Murphy & Isaacowitz, 2008), but this may be because of sampling issues. That is, when a relatively small sample size is studied, that particular group of older adults may or may not have better mood, or rate themselves higher on some personality traits, and may or may not show an emotional bias on the specific tasks under study.…”

Section: Task Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Age differences in default and reward networks during processing of personally relevant information

Grady

Grigg

2012

Neuropsychologia

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We recently found activity in default mode and reward-related regions during self-relevant tasks in young adults. Here we examine the effect of aging on engagement of the default network (DN) and reward network (RN) during these tasks. Previous studies have shown reduced engagement of the DN and reward areas in older adults, but the influence of age on these circuits during selfrelevant tasks has not been examined. The tasks involved judging personality traits about one's self or a well known other person. There were no age differences in reaction time on the tasks but older adults had more positive Self and Other judgments, whereas younger adults had more negative judgments. Both groups had increased DN and RN activity during the self-relevant tasks, relative to non-self tasks, but this increase was reduced in older compared to young adults. Functional connectivity of both networks during the tasks was weaker in the older relative to younger adults. Intrinsic functional connectivity, measured at rest, also was weaker in the older adults in the DN, but not in the RN. These results suggest that, in younger adults, the processing of personally relevant information involves robust activation of and functional connectivity within these two networks, in line with current models that emphasize strong links between the self and reward. The finding that older adults had more positive judgments, but weaker engagement and less consistent functional connectivity in these networks, suggests potential brain mechanisms for the "positivity bias" with aging.

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Section: Task Performancecontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Task Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Age differences in default and reward networks during processing of personally relevant information

Grady

Grigg

2012

Neuropsychologia

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“…Given these possible advantages, it is surprising that relatively few empirical studies have examined the relation between preference and looking behavior in adults (but see Isaacowitz, Wadlinger, Goren, & Wilson, 2006; and for a review see Murphy & Isaacowitz, 2008). However, several recent studies suggest that such an effort may be feasible and promising.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Preference From Fixations

Glaholt¹,

Reingold²

2007

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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We measured the strength of the association between looking behaviour and preference. Participants selected the most preferred face out of a grid of 8 faces. Fixation times were correlated with selection on a trial-by-trial basis, as well as with explicit preference ratings. Furthermore, by ranking features based on fixation times, we were able to successfully predict participants' preferences for novel feature combinations in a two-alternative forced choice task. In addition, we obtained a similar pattern of findings in a very different stimulus domain: mock company logos. Our results indicated that fixation times can be used to predict selection in large arrays and they might also be employed to estimate preferences for whole stimuli as well as their constituent features.

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“…This goal is reflected in enhanced processing of positive over negative information in older compared to younger adulthood, i.e., the positivity effect. A number of studies have found evidence for the positivity effect (for a meta-analysis, see Murphy & Isaacowitz, 2008). Based on the positivity effect, older adults should overestimate the frequency of positive social stimuli and underestimate the frequency of negative social stimuli to a higher degree than younger adults.…”

Section: Adult Age Differences In Frequency Estimations Of Happy and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult age differences in frequency estimations of happy and angry faces

Nikitin

Freund

2014

International Journal of Behavioral Development

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With increasing age, the ratio of gains to losses becomes more negative, which is reflected in expectations that positive events occur with a high likelihood in young adulthood, whereas negative events occur with a high likelihood in old age. Little is known about expectations of social events. Given that younger adults are motivated to establish new social relations, they should be vigilant towards signals of opportunities for socializing, such as smiling faces. Older adults, who are particularly motivated to avoid negative encounters, should be vigilant towards negative social signals, such as angry faces. Thus, younger adults should overestimate the occurrence of positive social signals, whereas older adults should overestimate the occurrence of negative social signals. Two studies (Study 1: n = 91 younger and n = 89 older adults; Study 2: n = 50 younger and n = 50 older adults) partly supported these hypotheses using frequency estimates of happy and angry faces. Although both younger and older adults overestimated the frequency of angry compared to happy faces, the difference was significantly more pronounced for older adults. FREQUENCY ESTIMATION OF EMOTIONAL FACES 2 AbstractWith increasing age, the ratio of gains to losses becomes more negative, which is reflected in

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Preferences for emotional information in older and younger adults: A meta-analysis of memory and attention tasks.

Cited by 291 publications

References 164 publications

Age differences in default and reward networks during processing of personally relevant information

Age differences in default and reward networks during processing of personally relevant information

Predicting Preference From Fixations

Adult age differences in frequency estimations of happy and angry faces

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