This article examines what people in Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Anatolia thought about and did with Hittite and Neo-Hittite rock-cut relief and inscriptions. It brings together archaeological and textual evi dence that demonstrates the intensity, variety, and sophistication o f interactions with Bronze and Iron Age material remains between the classical and early Byzantine periods. It also calls attention to the ways in which indigenous inhabitants and foreign visitors alike used such remains to construct or verify narratives about local and universal history. The evidence analyzed here should be o f interest to those studying social memory as well as cross-cultural interaction within and beyond the Mediterranean.