Predominance of atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in free-roaming chickens in St. Kitts, West Indies

Hamilton, C. M.; Kelly, Patrick J.; Boey, Kenneth; Corey, Tatiana M.; Huynh, Hieuhanh; Metzler, Deidra; Villena, Isabelle; Su, Chunlei; Innes, Elisabeth A.; Katzer, Frank

doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2019-6

Cited by 18 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…The genotypes isolated from different chickens within the same municipality exhibited different genotypes. This result is similar to showed in St. Kitts, West Indies, that reveal a greater genetic diversity of strains circulating on the island (HAMILTON et al, 2017). The isolate TgCkBrEs1 exhibited the same genotype as TgCkBrRj3 (according to the ToxoDB), which was obtained from a free-range chicken from the municipality of Rio Bonito, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Toxoplasma gondii: isolation, biological and molecular characterisation of samples from free-range Gallus gallus domesticus from countryside Southeast Brazil

Ferreira

Buery

Moreira

et al. 2018

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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Toxoplasma gondii presents a high prevalence worldwide, infecting several animals. Felines are considered the definitive hosts and among the intermediate hosts we highlight mammals and birds. The man can become infected by ingesting tissue cysts present in birds and mammals. Biological and molecular aspects of T. gondii allows a better understanding of the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis. This work is a serologic screening of 58 chickens grown (Gallus gallus domesticus) for human consumption in Espírito Santo State, by means of indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA). Thirteen chickens tested positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies. The heart and brain of five positive chickens were harvested, treated with pepsin and inoculated separately, in two Swiss mice, intraperitoneally. Tachyzoites were observed in the peritoneum of all the animals, between seven and 10 days after the inoculum. Ten isolates were obtained and biologically characterised in BALB/c mice inoculated with 101 to 104 tachyzoites. All isolates were classified as virulent or intermediately virulent. Isolates were genotyped by means of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis, revealing three different genotypes. None of the isolates exhibited the clonal type I, II or III genotype. No genotypic differences were observed between the isolates from the brain or heart from the same bird.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Toxoplasma gondii: isolation, biological and molecular characterisation of samples from free-range Gallus gallus domesticus from countryside Southeast Brazil

Ferreira

Buery

Moreira

et al. 2018

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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“…of intended euthanasiaReference1TgCkStk12St. Kitts1 (type II)58[12]10282TgCkStK13141 (atypical)5810283TgCkStK10141 (atypical)5810284TgCkStK2265 (atypical)5810285TgCkStK913 (atypical)5810286TgCkStK1113 (atypical)5810287Moredun M4UK3 (type II variant)58[15]10288TgCatBr71Brazil6 (atypical)58[13]1028…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative virulence of Caribbean, Brazilian and European isolates of Toxoplasma gondii

et al. 2019

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BackgroundToxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite of global importance. The outcome of infection in humans can depend on a number of factors including the infecting stage of the parasite, inoculating dose and virulence of the infecting strain. Molecular epidemiological studies have demonstrated an abundance of atypical strains of T. gondii in South America, many of which have been associated with more severe sequelae of infection. The aim of this study was to compare the virulence of T. gondii strains isolated in the Caribbean to a virulent Brazilian strain and an avirulent European strain.MethodsOne hundred and twenty Swiss CD-1 mice were split into 8 groups of 15 mice and each group was inoculated with 200 tachyzoites of one of 8 isolates, comprising ToxoDB genotypes #1, #141, #265, #13, #3 and #6. Five mice per group were euthanized at day 8 post-inoculation (p.i.) and parasite burden was determined in heart, lungs and eyes using quantitative PCR. Lungs and brain were also examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The remaining 10 mice per group were part of a survival experiment to assess virulence. DNA was extracted from tachyzoites of each of the 8 T. gondii isolates and genotyped at four ROP gene loci, including ROP5, ROP16, ROP17 and ROP18 to look for association with markers of virulence.ResultsInfection with ToxoDB genotype #13 from the Caribbean resulted in 100% of mice being euthanized which was comparative to infection with the virulent Brazilian strain (ToxoDB genotype #6). Significantly higher parasite burdens were recorded in the lungs and eyes of mice infected with ToxoDB genotypes #13 and #6. Genotyping of ROP loci revealed that the virulent Caribbean isolates had a different ROP18/ROP5 allelic profile (3/1) to the virulent Brazilian isolate (1/3); however, the avirulent Caribbean isolate (ToxoDB genotype #1) had the same ROP18/ROP5 profile as the avirulent European isolate (ToxoDB #3) (both 2/2). Caribbean isolates of intermediate virulence (ToxoDB #141 and #265) all had the same ROP18/ROP5 allelic profile (2/2).ConclusionsIsolates from the Caribbean with ToxoDB genotype #13 were acutely virulent for mice and comparable to a known virulent Brazilian isolate. The ROP protein allelic profile of the virulent Caribbean and Brazilian isolates differed indicating that perhaps other factors are involved in predicting virulence. Understanding virulence is important for predicting disease outcome in humans and may also aid vaccine design as well as drug discovery.

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“…In contrast, Brazil has a particular genetic population structure characterised by the expansion of a few local types named as BrI-IV which are not as frequently found in other regions of the continent. Chile, Fernando de Noronha (Brazil's island) and West Indies have shown a different genetic population structure to the rest of South America, characterised by an unusual higher frequency of Type II genotypes and less genetic diversity (Rajendran et al, 2012, Hamilton et al, 2017. Theories have suggested that the Type II lineage probably originated in Europe, was brought to South America and eventually expanded to become dominant in these countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from pigs in Yucatan, Mexico

Atienzar

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Jiménez‐Coello

et al. 2018

Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports

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Predominance of atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in free-roaming chickens in St. Kitts, West Indies

Cited by 18 publications

References 47 publications

Toxoplasma gondii: isolation, biological and molecular characterisation of samples from free-range Gallus gallus domesticus from countryside Southeast Brazil

Toxoplasma gondii: isolation, biological and molecular characterisation of samples from free-range Gallus gallus domesticus from countryside Southeast Brazil

Comparative virulence of Caribbean, Brazilian and European isolates of Toxoplasma gondii

Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from pigs in Yucatan, Mexico

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