Predictors of Waterpipe Smoking Among Secondary School Adolescents in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia

The Prevalence, Attitudes, and Correlates of Waterpipe Smoking Among High School Students in Iran: a Cross-Sectional Study

“…First, we had 15.7% attrition. Although this is a common condition in similar studies [3] it should be considered through the interpretation of the results and the real prevalence may be even higher than the proportion reported in the present study. Second this study is cross-sectional and limited to the grade 1-3 high school students in Tabriz; third, self-administered questionnaires were used for data gathering and results were not biochemically verified.…”

“…It is estimated that around 100 million people, especially adolescents, use this method of smoking [2][3][4]. The WP has different names in different countries such as qalyan, goza, narghile, argileh, shisha, hubble-bubble, hookah, and mu'asel [5,6].…”

Refusal Self Efficacy, Self Esteem, Smoking Refusal Skills and Water Pipe (Hookah) Smoking among Iranian Male Adolescents

“…These rates are in accord with those of other studies (Anjum et al, 2008;Jawaid et al, 2008). for instance, In study conducted in Saudi Arabia students by Amin et al (Amin et al, 2010), and also in study of Jawid et al in the Pakistan students (Jawaid et al, 2008) most WP users believed that its use was neither as harmful nor as addictive as cigarette. Positive beliefs about smoking have also been associated with youth smoking (Karimy et al, 2012b).…”

“…ii) Attitude toward smoking , refers to one's beliefs about WP smoking. It was measured with 8 items using five-interval Likert differentials scales, ranged from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree) taken from available literature (Amin et al, 2010;Mallia and Hamilton-West, 2010;Mohammadi et al, 2006;Shashidhar et al, 2011). Items were presented as follows: "water pipe smoking help me deal with anxiety or worry.".…”

“…This form of smoking employs a device (the water pipe) that heats tobacco using charcoal and then filters the smoke in a bowl of water before its inhalation through a rubber pipe (Akl et al, 2010b). In some Middle East countries WP smoking is less stigmatizing than cigarette smoking, also perceived by many adolescents, the general public, and even health professionals as being less dangerous than cigarette smoking (Maziak et al, 2005), for examples, nicotine content is lower than that of cigarettes, water filters out all noxious chemicals, including carbon monoxide, tar and nicotine, it is less irritating and thus less harmful to the throat and respiratory system, Muassel "Narghile tobacco contains fruit, making them a healthy choice" (Amin et al, 2010).…”