Predictors of Injury Associated with Rape

Defining Patterns of Genital Injury From Sexual Assault

“…One study had lack of control over the examination and little detail on injury classification procedures and therefore was not included in this review (Crane, 2006).…”

Female Genital Injury Following Consensual and Nonconsensual Sex: State of the Science

“…22 Several retrospective case review studies, with sample sizes that ranged from 153 to 3356 subjects, identified increased injury frequency in persons younger than 20 years or older than 40 years. 14,15,20,21 One study found that adolescents were more likely to have multiple injuries than were young adults. 16 Importantly, no association between age and injury was noted in either of the two case-control studies specifically designed to examine this relationship.…”

“…This interval was defined as more than 48 hours in one study 15 and more than 72 hours in another study. 21 In 2 studies, both a history of multiple pregnancies and acquaintance with one's reported assailant correlated with a lower incidence of genital injury. 15,20 …”

“…Some reports classified injuries by type and location, 13,14,19,20 whereas others simply noted the presence or absence of genital injury. 15,21 Redness and swelling were not defined as injuries in 2 of the studies because of inconsistent identification, poor inter-rater reliability, and limitations associated with photographing these findings. 19,20 Increased injury frequency was documented in patients reporting virgin status prior to the incident 14,15 and in survivors whose examinations were completed within 24 hours of nonconsensual intercourse.…”

Reliability of female genital injury detection after sexual assault

“…Other studies either make reference to evaluations by different examiners or call for a reliability test in the future, but lack specific information on how these tests should be conducted and designed (Crane, 2006; Drocton, Sachs, Chu, & Wheeler, 2008; Sachs & Chu, 2002), Eckert, Sugar, & Fine, 2004; Sommers, 2006; Anderson, Mc Clain, & Riviello, 2006; Adams & Knudsen, 1996; Jones, Rossman, Hartman, & Alexander, 2003; Jones, Rossman, Wynn, Dunnuk & Schwartz, 2003).…”