Predictive Value of GAD Antibody for Diabetes in Normal Chinese Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study in China

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the prevalence of GAD antibody (GADA) in the general adult population and to evaluate its predictive value for diabetes in China. Patients and Methods: We searched the PUMCH-HM database and identified 36,731 adult subjects with GADA test results from 2012 to 2015. We then established a retrospective cohort of 4835 nondiabetic subjects at baseline with complete annual health evaluation records through 2019. The median follow-up time was 4.8 (3.0-7.3) years. Results: The overall prevalence of GADA was 0.53% and was higher in diabetic subjects (1.25%) than in nondiabetic subjects (0.47%). We found a decrease in baseline body mass index (BMI) from the GADA-to GADA high subgroups among baseline diabetic and prediabetic patients and also those who developed diabetes later in the cohort study. A total of 136 subjects (2.8%) developed diabetes after a median follow-up of 3.5 years. For GADA + participants, BMI was not associated with the risk for diabetes. In the Cox regression model, the GADA low and GADA high exhibited 2.63-fold and 4.16-fold increased risk for diabetes, respectively. This increased risk for diabetes by GADA-positivity is only found in male adults (HR 4.55, 95% CI 2.25-9.23). Conclusion:GADA has a low prevalence in China but is associated with a 2.63-4.16-fold increased risk for diabetes.

Immunological parameters in hyperglycemic COVID19 patients of wasit-Iraq

“…Regarding C peptide, GAD, ICA and TNF antibodies our information were compatible with Li et al (2021) whom found that the increased risk of diabetes by these antibodies positivity is only limited in male adults. This result implicated that there might be a different mechanism of GADA promoting diabetes in male adults but possible explanation of this difference needs further researches (29).…”

“…However, fasting insulin and C-peptide levels were much lower in group IIB (3.6 ± 1.3, 0.3 ± 0.1) compared with group IIA (33.4 ± 9.2, 3.5 ± 1) and group IIC (38.1 ± 9.1, 3.6 ± 0.8) (p < 0.001). including higher levels of CRP predicting (p < 0.001, for each) (19). who reported that COVID-19 patients with newly diagnosed DM and hyperglycemia were slightly older and obese (5).…”

“…The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that results in the clinical disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has claimed over 2 million lives globally (1). Certain chronic comorbidities, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and kidney disease, are highly prevalent in people with COVID-19.…”

Lifestyle or Environmental Influences and Their Interaction With Genetic Susceptibility on the Risk of LADA

“…discovered higher mean BMI levels in GADA positive individuals who progressed to diabetes compared to those that did not (28.4 vs. 25.8) ( 54 ). A Chinese study did not observe any difference in baseline BMI between GADA positive individuals who developed diabetes during a five-year follow-up period vs. those who did not ( 55 ). This observation was, however, based on small numbers (13 GADA positive individuals with diabetes) and did not account for potential confounders such as age and sex.…”

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“…In Epic-InterAct, a large European multicenter study, Rolandsson et al discovered higher mean BMI levels in GADA positive individuals who progressed to diabetes compared to those that did not (28.4 vs. 25.8) (54). A Chinese study did not observe any difference in baseline BMI between GADA positive individuals who developed diabetes during a five-year follow-up period vs. those who did not (55). This observation was, however, based on small numbers (13 GADA positive individuals with diabetes) and did not account for potential confounders such as age and sex.…”