Predictive Policing and the Politics of Patterns

Kaufmann, Mareile; Egbert, Simon; Leese, Matthias

doi:10.1093/bjc/azy060

Cited by 99 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In policing and the criminal justice system across an increasing number of countries, AI-powered software generates false positives and biased risk-assessments that lead to new forms of harm and injustices -be it in the form of predictive policing technologies developed by companies like Palantir or software like the notorious COMPAS (Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions) (Kaufmann, Egbert, & Leese 2018;Joh 2017Joh , 2019Joh , 2016. These technologies are designed with two aims: to detect the fraudster-imposter-criminal, and to predict crime and risk.…”

Section: Artificial Intelligence Surveillance and Social Sortingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imposter Paranoia in the Age of Intelligent Surveillance

Kuldova

2020

JEA

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Artificial intelligence, deep learning and big data analytics are viewed as the technologies of the future, capable of delivering expert intelligence decisions, risk assessments and predictions within milliseconds. In a world of fakes, they promise to deliver ‘hard facts’ and data-driven ‘truth’, but their solutions resurrect ideologies of purity, embrace bogus science reminiscent of the likes of anthropometry, and create a deeply paranoid world where the Other is increasingly perceived either as a threat or as a potential imposter, or both. Social sorting in the age of intelligent surveillance acquires a whole new meaning. This article explores the possible effects of algorithmic governance on society through a critical analysis of the figure of the imposter in the age of intelligent surveillance. It links a critical analysis of new technologies of surveillance, policing and border control, to the extreme ethnographic example of paranoia within outlaw motorcycle clubs – organizations that are heavily targeted by new and old modes of policing and surveillance, while themselves increasingly embracing the very same logic and technologies themselves. With profound consequences. The article shows how in the quest for power, order, profit, and control, we are sacrificing critical reason and risk becoming as a society not unlike the paranoid criminal organizations.

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Section: Artificial Intelligence Surveillance and Social Sortingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imposter Paranoia in the Age of Intelligent Surveillance

Kuldova

2020

JEA

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“…These further insights are needed to be able to critically assess their application in policing strategies and law enforcement, and their consequences for social life and surveillance constellations. For these investigations, research designs that combine (a) qualitative in-depth interviews with experts, police officers, programmers, and representatives of software companies with (b) ethnographic observational field studies, as suggested by Kaufmann, Egbert, and Leese (2019), Kaufmann (2019) and Ullrich (2019), promise to be particularly fruitful.…”

Section: Limitations and Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Govern Visibility?: Legitimizations and Contestations of Visual Data Practices after the 2017 G20 Summit in Hamburg

Venema

2020

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Technological changes shift how visibility can be established, governed, and used. Ubiquitous visual technologies, the possibility to distribute and use images from heterogeneous sources across different social contexts and publics, and increasingly powerful facial recognition tools afford new avenues for law enforcement. Concurrently, these changes also trigger fundamental concerns about privacy violations and all-encompassing surveillance. Using the example of police investigations after the 2017 G20 summit in Hamburg, the present article provides insights into how different actors in the political and public realm in Germany deal with these potentials and tensions in handling visual data. Based on a qualitative content analysis of newspaper articles (n=42), tweets (n=267), experts’ reports (n=3), and minutes of parliamentary debates and committee hearings (n=8), this study examines how visual data were collected, analyzed, and published and how different actors legitimated and contested these practices. The findings show that combined state, corporate, and privately produced visual data and the use of facial recognition tools allowed the police to cover and track public life in large parts of the inner city of Hamburg during the summit days. Police authorities characterized visual data and algorithmic tools as objective, trustworthy, and indispensable evidence-providing tools but black-boxed the heterogeneity of sources, the analytical steps, and their potential implications. Critics, in turn, expressed concerns about infringements of civic rights, the trustworthiness of police authorities, and the extensive police surveillance capacities. Based on these findings, this article discusses three topics that remained blind spots in the debates but merit further attention in discussions on norms for visual data management and for governing visibility: (1) collective responsibilities in visibility management, (2) trust in visual data and facial recognition technologies, and (3) social consequences of encompassing visual data collection and registered faceprints.

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“…Intersecting STS with law and philosophy (Hildebrandt and Rouvroy 2011), communication and media studies (Gillespie 2014), surveillance studies (Kroener and Neyland 2012), and Human Computer-Interaction studies (Suchman 2007), they have successfully shown how the study of algorithms, autonomic computing, software and technological change can provide an entry-point to study power, agency, accountability and human autonomy. In security studies too, it has been shown that the deployment of algorithmic techniques for security entails important political and ethical stakes that should be described and analysed (Amoore and Raley 2017;Aradau and Blanke 2015;Grommé 2016;Kaufmann et al 2019). But digital security technologies may be hard to comprehend.…”

Section: Secrecy and Digital Security Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secrecy and Methods in Security Research

Goede¹,

Bosma²,

Pallister‐Wilkins

2019

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This chapter will help researchers explore how they can study complex digital security technologies. The chapter delineates a multisited ethnographic approach around 'sites of experimentation'. It offers two methodological starting points: (i) following technology from design to use, and (ii) observing human-computer interaction. • Research puzzle: The puzzle the chapter addresses in relation to secrecy and methods is: how can researchers make strategic use of their limited resources in order to understand, analyse and communicate to a wider audience the sociopolitical role of digital security technologies?

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Predictive Policing and the Politics of Patterns

Cited by 99 publications

References 33 publications

Imposter Paranoia in the Age of Intelligent Surveillance

Imposter Paranoia in the Age of Intelligent Surveillance

How to Govern Visibility?: Legitimizations and Contestations of Visual Data Practices after the 2017 G20 Summit in Hamburg

Secrecy and Methods in Security Research

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