Predictive and construct validity of virtual reality cataract surgery simulators

Abstract

This review was conducted to assess the current literature on virtual reality (VR) simulation in cataract surgery training. Studies evaluating the construct and predictive validity of VR simulators, such as the EyeSi simulator, were compiled and compared. Two databases, PubMed and Scopus, were systematically searched, and 20 articles were determined to meet the study inclusion criteria (full-length articles written in English). Of these, 11 studies examined construct validity, and 9 studies examined predictive validity. Although the construct validity of some VR simulators is yet to be established by multiple studies, many of the modules within the EyeSi simulator have been repeatedly validated. Furthermore, several studies have shown that VR simulator training improves overall cataract surgery performance. This review demonstrated the ability of cataract surgery VR simulators to differentiate surgical experience levels and improve operating room performance, which supports the use of VR simulators in ophthalmology residency training.

The effect of virtual reality technology in children after surgery for concomitant strabismus

“…VR technology may play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of various ophthalmic diseases. [ 15 , 16 ] Researchers are constantly developing training software to adapt to a range of diseases. VR technology can induce the neural plasticity of children with amblyopia using supporting software.…”

A Grasp on Reality: Understanding Grasping Patterns for Object Interaction in Real and Virtual Environments

“…Further, we suggest that designers creating VR environments that require direct interaction with virtual objects (i.e. VR training environments in construction and manufacturing [2], surgical training techniques [23] could use our results and insights to develop natural grasping in-teractions by triggering object interaction at a larger grasp aperture and predominantly around Power type grasps. Additionally, the application of our results for improved grasping experience against a benchmark grasp model could also be considered in future work, to determine the usability improvements for VR interaction.…”

Freehand Grasping: An Analysis of Grasping for Docking Tasks in Virtual Reality

“…With VR being highly used for training [54] or simulations [67], creating highly immersive environments with high visual and interaction fidelity is now of huge interest for researchers [36]. Interactions in VR were initially focused around using physical props [37], however, more recent work focused around achieving high fidelity interactions, that are known to play an important role in increasing immersion in virtual environments [39].…”

“…Our grasping patterns are useful for designers creating VR environments that require direct interaction with objects, specially for training (i.e. VR training environments in construction and manufacturing [5], surgical training techniques [54]) where the user experience could be vulnerable [17]. In these scenarios, the shape of the objects needs to be considered, with objects being designed to specifically encourage this user selection of precision grasps and thus facilitating a more precise and finer manipulation.…”