Prediction of Wastewater Treatment Plant Performance Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis: A Case Study of a Regional Sewage Treatment Plant in Melaka, Malaysia

Abstract

The wastewater quality index (WWQI) is one of the most significant methods of presenting meaningful values that reflect a fundamental characteristic of wastewater. Therefore, this study was performed to develop a prediction approach using WWQI for a regional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Melaka, Malaysia. The regional system of WWTP provides a huge amount of registered data due to the many parameters recorded daily. A multivariate statistical analysis approach was applied to analyze the database. In this approach, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensionality of datasets obtained from the field municipal WWTP, and multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to predict the performance of WWQI. Seven principal component analyses were derived where the eigenvalue was above 1.0, explaining 71.01% of the variance. A linear relationship was observed (R2 = 0.85), p-value < 0.05, and residual values were uniformly distributed above and below the zero baselines. Therefore, the coefficients of the WWQI model are directly dependent on influent biological oxygen demand (BOD), effluent BOD, influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), and effluent COD values. The experimental results showed that the model performed well and can be used to predict WWQI for each WWTP individually and provide better achievements.

Sustaining Organizational Outcomes in Manufacturing Firms: The Role of HRM and Occupational Health and Safety

“…A comprehensive representation of the effect sizes corresponding to these variables is available in Table 7 and Figure 5. Org-outcome 0.194 0.188 Key: OHS = Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), Org-outcome = Sustainable Organizational Outcome, Higher value is preferred: 0.67 substantial, 0.33 average, 0.19 weak [61].…”

“…Assess the significance and confidence intervals. p-values; Significance value is based on the degrees of freedom p < 0.05 Cheah[61]".…”

“…Key: OHS = Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), Org-outcome = Sustainable Organizational Outcome, Higher value is preferred: 0.67 substantial, 0.33 average, 0.19 weak[61].Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 19…”

“…Coefficient of determination result: R 2 . Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), Org-outcome = Sustainable Organizational Outcome, Higher value is preferred: 0.67 substantial, 0.33 average, 0.19 weak[61].…”

Effect of dual flocculant by unmodified manihot esculenta starch and aluminium sulphate on the removal of chemical oxygen demand optimized by response surface methodology

“…Globally 44% of municipal wastewater is not adequately treated, especially in middle and low-income countries [1]. In Malaysia, there are seven thousand sewage treatment plants, covering approximately 27 million population equivalents, which dominantly discharge the effluent to surface water [2]. By 2030, United Nations expressed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target to improve water quality by eliminating and minimizing the proportion of untreated wastewater [3].…”