“…14,15 15 (44%) of 34 studies assessed the performance of a single AI model. 13,14,16,17,20,26,[30][31][32]34,36,37,41,42,44 The other studies compared the performance of multiple models with neural networks and tree-based algorithms demonstrating the best performance based on accuracy and AUC-ROC, or other metrics reported in the studies. One study showed similar performance between federated learning (ie, training algorithms using multiple decentralised databases) and centralised approaches for development of AI-based ADE prediction models.…”