“…To avoid the rule of thumb, expert advice, try-error method used in shop floor practice, neural networks has been successfully implemented to predict filling time, solidification time and casting defects ,surface defects [75,76], solidification time [77,78], filling time and porosity , injection time [79,80], of pressure die casting process. To predict interfacial heat transfer coefficients at metal-mould interface [81], compressive strength, secondary dendrite arm spacing [82], mechanical properties [83], permeability [84] of different casting processes the soft computing based neural networks were used. To accurately control the quality of the moulding sands [85] and to predict the presence/absence of the casting defects [86] such as hot crack, misrun, scab blow hole and air lock in the sand mould system, NN is used.…”