Prediction and control of aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in ventilated context: from source to receptor

Xu, Chunwen; Liu, Wenbing; Luo, Xilian; Huang, Xingyu; Nielsen, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103416

Cited by 52 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 188 publications

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“…Equation (3) shows the differential equation for the quanta concentration for a continuous ventilation:…”

Section: Continous Ventilationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Methods of Investigating Airborne Indoor Virus-Transmissions Adapted to Several Ventilation Measures

Siebler

Calandri

Rathje

et al. 2022

Preprint

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This study introduces a principle, which unifies two experimental methods for airborne indoor virus-transmissions adapted to several ventilation measures. A first-time comparison of mechanical/natural ventilation and air purifiers with regard to infection risks is achieved. Effortful computational fluid dynamics demand detailed boundary conditions for accurate calculations of indoor airflows, which are often unknown. Hence a suitable, simple and generalized experimental set up for identifying the spatial and temporal infection risk for different ventilation measures is required. A trace gas method is suitable for mechanical and natural ventilation with outdoor air exchange. For an accurate assessment of air purifiers based on filtration a surrogate particle method is appropriate. The release of a controlled rate of either trace gas or particles simulates an infectious person releasing virus material. Surrounding substance concentration measurements identify the neighborhood exposure. One key aspect of the study is to prove that the requirement of concordant results of both methods is fulfilled. This is the only way to ensure that the comparison of different ventilation measures described above is reliable. Two examples (a two person office, several classrooms) show how practical both methods are and how the principle is applicable for different types and sizes of rooms.

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“…Equation (3) shows the differential equation for the quanta concentration for a continuous ventilation:…”

Section: Continous Ventilationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For fast and simple assessments many calculation models regarding the infection risk of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments exist [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Using idealised assumptions (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Methods of Investigating Airborne Indoor Virus-Transmissions Adapted to Several Ventilation Measures

Siebler

Calandri

Rathje

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Airborne transmission of viruses is a complex process involving emission, dispersion in the room, and inhaling [1]. There are many calculation models for an aerosol transmission and infection risk of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments [2][3][4][5][6][7]. However, these calculators often require idealised assumptions (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Coupled Experimental and Statistical Approach for an Assessment of the Airborne Infection Risk in Event Locations

Siebler

Rathje

Calandri

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Operators of event locations are particularly affected by a pandemic. Resulting restrictions may cause uneconomical business. With previous models, only an incomplete quantitative risk assessments is possible, whereby no suitable restrictions can be derived. Hence, a mathematical and statistical model has been developed in order to link measurement data of substance dispersion in rooms with epidemiological data like incidences, reproduction numbers, vaccination rates and test qualities. This allows a first time overall assessment of airborne infection risks in large event locations. In these venues displacement ventilation concepts are often implemented. In this case simplified theoretical assumptions fail for the prediction of relevant airflows for infection processes. Thus, with locally resolving trace gas measurements and specific data of infection processes, individual risks can be computed more detailed. Via inclusion of many measurement positions, an assessment of entire event locations is possible. Embedding the overall model in a flexible application, daily updated epidemiological data allow latest calculations of expected new infections and individual risks of single visitors for a certain event. With this model, an instrument has been created that can help policymakers and operators to take appropriate measures and to check restrictions for their effect.

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“…In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, major HVAC institutions such as the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) from the United States, the federation of European Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Associations (REHVA) from the European Union, the Society of Heating, Ventilation, and Sanitary Engineering from Japan, major institutional bodies from China, the Indian Society of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Engineers and the Central Public Works Department of India have all released documents for the operation of air conditioners in buildings. They all agreed that intake of outdoor air with appropriate patterns of airflow is one of the most important strategies to prevent or reduce transmission of the COVID-19 virus [ 3 , 10 - 15 ]. This intervention has been advocated by practitioners of tuberculosis prevention and control [ 2 - 4 , 16 - 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Health Issue of Indoor Dilution Ventilation for Disease Prevention Versus PM2.5 in Intake Air in Auditoriums of Premier Engineering Institutes in India

Singh¹

2022

Cureus

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Background: Dilution ventilation by enhancing fresh air intake has been prescribed to reduce airborne infection spread during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is all the more important in assembly spaces like auditoriums. Premier technology institutes have large campuses with large auditoriums for academic and cultural events in India. These institutes serve as role models for society, where gatherings are essential, but there is also the possibility of transmission of all airborne respiratory infections, including tuberculosis, into the community. The fresh air taken in should also be filtered for pollution to prevent other lung issues. Aims: Fresh air intake and filtration have been studied in order to understand whether the outside air supplied indoors is filtered for PM2.5, which is a major ambient polluter in India. Settings and design/methods: In this study, the Right to Information Act of 2005 has been used to obtain first-hand information from the institutes with respect to the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in their auditoriums. Twelve of the 19 institutes fall in cities with non-attainment of ambient air quality standards. Results: Eleven out of all those had recently integrated fresh air supply, and six replied in the negative. Only one out of all of them had appropriate filters. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for a possible trade-off between the use of air conditioners for thermal comfort + assumed protection against PM2.5, which is the switching off of air conditioners and manually opening up windows and using fans for ventilation. Indian HVAC design for gathering spaces, especially educational institutes, needs to factor in fresh air for dilution ventilation as well as PM2.5 filtration.

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Prediction and control of aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in ventilated context: from source to receptor

Cited by 52 publications

References 188 publications

Experimental Methods of Investigating Airborne Indoor Virus-Transmissions Adapted to Several Ventilation Measures

Experimental Methods of Investigating Airborne Indoor Virus-Transmissions Adapted to Several Ventilation Measures

A Coupled Experimental and Statistical Approach for an Assessment of the Airborne Infection Risk in Event Locations

Public Health Issue of Indoor Dilution Ventilation for Disease Prevention Versus PM2.5 in Intake Air in Auditoriums of Premier Engineering Institutes in India

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