In the research reported in this article, the personal computer (PC) is used as a separate, front-end interface for a customized machine control unit, which controls a drilling machine through actuation devices. Both the customized machine control unit and the drilling machine were built in-house. The PC-based computer numerical control drilling machine comprises several integrated technologies, ranging from a neuro-TSP (travelling salesman problem)-based optimizer for ®nding the best sequence of points to be drilled, a customized machine control unit and enhanced parallel port for communication to the drilling machine. Work is continuing to carry out experimental tests on the part produced by the machine and to compare the quality of such parts with those produced by similar machines.
As the World Health Organization is examining the airborne nature of COVID 19, there is past research on other airborne infections which set all encompassing guidelines. Even as more data begins to be available regarding COVID, there is proven spread of airborne disease like tuberculosis being transmitted by this route. As the summer months approach, there is an increased use of Air Conditioners in the tropical regions of the world. India, too being in this part of the world sees an active rise in the indoors which are being air conditioned to meet the thermal comfort requirements of the rising urban population which is spending a large chunk of time indoors. This is coupled with the enforced lockdown which encourages people to stay indoors to prevent the spread of infection. In such situations the use of Room air conditioner requires rethinking as they re-circulate the indoor air without any Fresh air supply into the room. To reduce heat gain and save the electric load of the room AC, people tend to seal the windows further. This paper looks at many possible ways of finding out infection spread in spaces and one of them is used to find out the probability of airborne infection spread in a typical public space. An experiment to validate the same has been conducted in a classroom setup with results analysed. Increased ventilation has been demonstrated to show a lesser probability of infection spread.
BACKGROUND In developing countries like India, it has been observed that Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) may have reduced access to health services compared to their counterparts. India is a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) due to which it has formulated the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPwDs) 2016 to promote the idea of equality and non-discrimination for persons with disabilities. The study’s objective is to identify the present accessibility status of public hospitals in Delhi as per the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Rules, 2017. The study also evaluates government hospitals’ compliance with the five-year time limit from the date of enforcement on 15 June 2017, which was imposed by the Central Government to make all existing infrastructure accessible as per the RPwDs Act, 2016- the due date of which expired on 15 June 2022. The Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005 has been used as the primary research tool to obtain information that is accessible under the open public domain. The study’s findings showed that most hospitals were aware of the RPwDs Act of 2016, yet only 14 admitted to making all their buildings accessible as per the five-year deadline. The study found that the public hospitals in Delhi have not fully undergone the necessary upgrades to create an accessible and barrier-free environment for persons with disabilities as per the RPwDs. AIMS The study aims to identify the current status of public hospitals in Delhi regarding compliance with accessibility standards for a barrier-free physical environment, equal opportunities, appropriate information features, and communication on the internet for persons with disabilities as per the RPwDs Act, 2016. SETTINGS AND DESIGN/METHODS The RTI Act of 2005, was used to request information accessible under the open public domain from 32 public hospitals in Delhi regarding compliance with accessibility standards of the built environment, including the provisions of equal opportunities and access to information as per the RPwDs Rules, 2017. Only government hospitals were taken for the study as they fall under the purview of the RTI Act unlike the private hospitals. The main limitation of the study is that the authors have only relied upon verified sources for information accessible under the open public domain as per the RTI Act, 2005 provided directly by the hospital. Future studies to verify the on-ground reality may be performed. RESULTS A total of 32 public hospitals in Delhi were approached for the study, and only 26 responded under the RTI Act. After compiling the results, it was identified that 22 hospitals out of 26 were aware of section 45 regarding the time limit of the RPwDs Act, 2016. 14 of the 26 responded to being accessible, while 11 acknowledged being in the process of upgrading their built infrastructure to be accessible. 15 of the 26 responded having PwDs on the payroll, while six responded negatively. Only eight of the 26 hospitals accepted having features for accessible websites, and seven of the 26 answered that they did not have a website at all. CONCLUSION The study disclosed that most hospitals were aware of the RPwDs Act. The majority of the hospitals responded to being compliant with accessibility standards in the built environment. However, only eight responded having accessible websites. This showcases that there is a requirement for improvements in universal accessibility of built environment and information along with the provision of equal opportunities for PwDs in public hospitals.
Background Airports are hubs of diverse human interactions. During pandemics, they may serve as centers for the spread of airborne infection. Appropriate methods for the prevention of the spread of airborne infections must be integrated into the air conditioning systems of airports. Along with ultraviolet germicidal irradiation and other sanitization methods, dilution ventilation can be the easiest and most available method for the prevention of airborne infection, which means the intake of outside air into the indoors, which flushes out the aerosolized droplets containing pathogens. Though this process has been adopted by multiple buildings in reaction to the pandemic, it may present the challenge of intake of high concentration of suspended particulate matter in the intake air, a major air pollutant in developing countries, which may enter through the air conditioning systems. Appropriate filtration is necessary so that along with dilution ventilation for airborne disease prevention, the risk of suspended particulate matter of diameter 2.5 micron or PM 2.5 induced lung issues is also reduced. Methodology The Right to Information Act, 2005, was used to file applications for information on the details of the air conditioning systems in Indian airports. The 58 airports in the study were also listed according to the list of cities that fall under the criteria for non-attainment of good air quality standards. Results Out of 58 airports considered, 27 fell in the ‘non-attainment’ of good air quality list. On appraisal of filter systems, it was found that 23 had an intake of fresh air but only five had filters with a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 10 and above in their air conditioning systems, as is recommended for filtration of suspended particulate matter. Conclusion It can be concluded that most airports did not have the appropriate filter required for filtering PM 2.5 , which is a major pollutant in Indian cities. In light of coronavirus disease 2019, where dilution ventilation through the intake of outdoor air is suggested, it may also lead to the entry of air with high particulate matter into the indoors.
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