Predicting water transport in multilayer coatings

Baukh, V Viktor; Huinink, H.P.; Adan, O.C.G.; Erich, Sjf Sebastiaan; Ven, L.G.J. van der

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2012.05.043

Cited by 23 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Re-drawn from ref. 49 At the highest water activity, aw = 0.9, water diffuses fastest in the solvent-cast SL polymer, which has the lowest water uptake compared to the waterborne polymers. However, in general, at a particular water activity, there is no correlation between the D for the seven types of polymer and their equilibrium water sorption, w. This lack of correlation is apparent in Figure S6 (Supporting Information).…”

Section: Effect Of Surfactantmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water Vapor Sorption and Diffusion in Secondary Dispersion Barrier Coatings: A Critical Comparison with Emulsion Polymers

Liu

Soer

Scheerder

et al. 2015

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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The conventional method to synthesize waterborne polymer colloids is emulsion polymerization using surfactants. An emerging method is the use of secondary dispersions (SD) of polymers in water, which avoids the addition of any surfactant. Although there are numerous studies of the water barrier properties (sorption, diffusion and permeability) of waterborne emulsion (Em) polymer coatings, the properties of SD coatings, in comparison, have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, dynamic water vapor sorption analysis is used to compare the equilibrium sorption isotherms of the two forms of styrene-acrylate copolymers (Em and SD) with the same monomer composition. From an analysis of the kinetics of vapor sorption, the diffusion coefficient of water in the polymer coatings is determined. The combined effects of particle boundaries and surfactant addition were investigated through comparison of the properties of SD and Em coatings to those of (1) solvent-cast polymer coatings (of the same monomer composition), (2) Em polymers after dialysis to remove partially the water-soluble species, and (3) SD polymers with added surfactants. The results reveal that particle boundaries Materials and Interfaces (2015) 7, pp 12147-12157 2 and surfactants both increase vapor sorption. The diffusion coefficients of water are comparable in magnitude in all of the polymer systems but are inversely related to water activity because of molecular clustering. Compared to all of the other waterborne polymer systems, the SD barrier coatings show the lowest equilibrium vapor sorption and permeability coefficient at high relative humidities and also the lowest water diffusion coefficient at low humidities. These barrier properties make SD coatings an attractive alternative to conventional emulsion polymer coatings. Published in ACS Applied

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Section: Effect Of Surfactantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After initial values of CGAB and mm were obtained, all three parameters were then varied to find the best fit. increasing activities can influence the kinetics of the sorption process, 8,43 and this influence will be reported for these systems in Section 3.4.…”

Section: Comparison Of Sorption Isotherms For Waterborne and Solvent-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Vapor Sorption and Diffusion in Secondary Dispersion Barrier Coatings: A Critical Comparison with Emulsion Polymers

Liu

Soer

Scheerder

et al. 2015

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…The geometry of the set-up and the method to measure paint layers are described elsewhere (Baukh, et al, 2010(Baukh, et al, , 2012 and illustrated in Figure 7. Cut-to-size glass cylinders with inner diameter 11 mm, thickness 1 mm and height 10 mm were glued onto the samples (see above for method of production) using silicone glue (Coltogum).…”

Section: Garfield Nmr Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although control of the ambient conditions in the beamline and the precise alignment of samples are not straightforward, the authors show that it is feasible to obtain sufficient information for monitoring the temporally and spatially resolved moisture absorption in painting canvas with a ground layer. NMR methods for the monitoring of 3 water transport in multilayer coatings have been developed for the study of modern car paint systems (Baukh, et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of moisture in reconstructed oil paintings on canvas during absorption and drying: A neutron radiography and NMR study

Hendrickx

Ferreira

Boon

et al. 2016

Studies in Conservation

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Moisture is a driving factor in the long-term mechanical deterioration of canvas paintings, as well as for a number of physico-chemical degradation processes. Since the 1990s a number of publications have addressed the equilibrium hygroscopic uptake and the hygro-mechanical deformation of linen canvas, oil paint, animal glue, and ground paint. In order to visualise and quantify the dynamic behaviour of these materials combined in a painting mock-up or reconstruction, we have performed custom-designed experiments with neutron radiography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. This paper reports how both techniques were used to obtain spatially and temporally resolved information on moisture content, during alternate exposure to high and low relative humidity, or in contact with liquids of varying water activities. We observed how the canvas, which is the dominant component in terms of volumetric moisture uptake, absorbs and dries rapidly, and, due to its low vapour resistance, allows for vapour transfer towards the ground layer. Moisture desorption was generally found to be faster than absorption. The presence of sizing glue leads to a local increase of moisture content. It was observed that lining a painting with an extra canvas results in a damping effect: i.e. absorption and drying are significantly slowed-down. The results obtained by NMR are complementary to neutron radiography in that they allow accurate monitoring of water ingress in contact with a liquid reservoir. Quantitative results are in good agreement with adsorption isotherms. The findings can be used for risk analysis of paintings exposed to changing micro-climates or subjected to conservation treatments using water. Future studies addressing moisture-driven deformation of paintings can make use of the proposed experimental techniques.

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“…Water is known to interact strongly with a variety of polymeric materials having polar functional groups [1] [6]- [9] and both reversible and irreversible effects are known to occur [3] [5] [6] [11]. Short-term water exposure tends to give rise to reversible effects such as plasticization of the matrix, while longer-term exposures may lead to irreversible chemical changes in the system.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Water-Polymer Interactions and Self-Diffusion of Water in Polymer Films

Rodin¹,

Cosgrove²

2016

OALib

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The diffusivity and distribution of water in the butyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid copolymer films swollen in water have been investigated using the NMR relaxation and pulse field gradient (PFG) NMR techniques. The contributions of polymer matrix protons, surface water and bound water have been determined from 1 H NMR spectra and relaxation functions. PFG NMR experiments showed that the echo attenuation function depends on the diffusion time indicating that water inside the swollen film is trapped in restricted confinement. The data obtained have been discussed using published physical models for diffusion of water in polymeric materials. The sizes of pores inside the film were estimated using the published model approaches giving the range of 0.8 -1.0 µm. Magnetization decays as well as the spinspin relaxation times of water saturated polymer films were also determined in this study. NMR relaxation provided additional information on the water distribution in the porous microstructure. The volume-averaged water mobility decreased with increasing hydrophobic content of the polymers. Subject Areas

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Predicting water transport in multilayer coatings

Cited by 23 publications

References 23 publications

Water Vapor Sorption and Diffusion in Secondary Dispersion Barrier Coatings: A Critical Comparison with Emulsion Polymers

Water Vapor Sorption and Diffusion in Secondary Dispersion Barrier Coatings: A Critical Comparison with Emulsion Polymers

Distribution of moisture in reconstructed oil paintings on canvas during absorption and drying: A neutron radiography and NMR study

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Water-Polymer Interactions and Self-Diffusion of Water in Polymer Films

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