The precision of methods used for the determination of hygric properties of porous building materials was investigated. The study was performed in the framework of the EU-initiated HAMSTAD-project. Six laboratories measured the selected hygric properties of three porous building materials. While the most measured properties show acceptable agreement, yet, it was found that some of the existing standards or commonly accepted measurement methods need improvement. Most striking were large variations in the results of the vapour transmission tests performed in accordance to the existing European Standard.

The standardised Glaser method for calculation, prediction and evaluation of moisture performance is considered as rarely applicable. The present state of knowledge, analytical as well as experimental, concerning heat, air and moisture demands updating of standards. This paper presents five numerical benchmark cases for the quality assessment of simulation models for one-dimensional heat, air and moisture (HAM) transfer. In one case, the analytical solution is known and excellent agreement between several solutions from different universities and institutes is obtained. In the remaining four cases, consensus solutions have been found, with good agreement between different HAM models. The work presented here is an outcome of the EU-initiated project for standardisation of HAM calculation methods (HAMSTAD WP2).

The solid-state hydration of salts has gained particular interest within the frame of thermochemical energy storage. In this work, the water vapor pressure−temperature (p−T) phase diagram of the following thermochemical salts was constructed by combining equilibrium and nonequilibrium hydration experiments: CuCl 2 , K 2 CO 3 , MgCl 2 •4H 2 O, and LiCl. The hydration of CuCl 2 and K 2 CO 3 involves a metastable zone of ca. 10 K, and the induction times preceding hydration are well-described by classical homogeneous nucleation theory. It is further shown for K 2 CO 3 (metastable) and MgCl 2 •4H 2 O (not metastable) through solubility calculations that the phase transition is not mediated by bulk dissolution. We conclude that the hydration proceeds as a solid− solid phase transition, mobilized by a wetting layer, where the mobility of the wetting layer increases with increasing vapor pressure. In view of heat storage application, the finding of metastability in thermochemical salts reveals the impact of nucleation and growth processes on the thermochemical performance and demonstrates that practical aspects like the output temperature of a thermochemical salt are defined by its metastable zone width (MZW) rather than its equilibrium phase diagram. Manipulation of the MZW by e.g. prenucleation or heterogeneous nucleation is a potential way to raise the output temperature and power on material level in thermochemical applications.

BackgroundThe elements that contribute to a healthy building are multifactorial and can be discussed from different perspectives.ObjectivesWe present three viewpoints of designing a healthy building: the importance of sustainable development, the role of occupants for ensuring indoor air quality, and ongoing developments related to indoor finishes with low chemical emissions and good fungal resistance.DiscussionSustainable design rediscovers the social, environmental, and technical values of pedestrian and mixed-use communities, using existing infrastructures including “main streets” and small-town planning principles and recapturing indoor–outdoor relationships. This type of design introduces nonpolluting materials and assemblies with lower energy requirements and higher durability and recyclability. Building occupants play a major role in maintaining healthy indoor environments, especially in residences. Contributors to indoor air quality include cleaning habits and other behaviors; consumer products, furnishings, and appliances purchases, as well as where and how the occupants use them. Certification of consumer products and building materials as low-emitting products is a primary control measure for achieving good indoor air quality. Key products in this respect are office furniture, flooring, paints and coatings, adhesives and sealants, wall coverings, wood products, textiles, insulation, and cleaning products. Finishing materials play a major role in the quality of indoor air as related to moisture retention and mold growth.ConclusionsSustainable design emphasizes the needs of infrastructure, lower energy consumption, durability, and recyclability. To ensure good indoor air quality, the product development for household use should aim to reduce material susceptibility to contaminants such as mold and should adopt consumer-oriented product labeling.

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Several advanced non-destructive techniques are available to measure the evolution of content profiles with time, allowing the analysis of unsaturated flow and the determination of the moisture diffusivity of porous building materials. The reliability of six different techniques is investigated: the NMR-technique, the MRItechnique, the γ-ray attenuation technique, the capacitance method, the X-ray projection method and the TDR-technique. All of them were applied to measure the moisture content evolution during free uptake experiments on two building materials. Considering the limitations of some of the techniques, a good overall agreement is obtained. The work presented is an outcome of the EU-initiated HAMSTAD-project.

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An order, family and genus are validated, seven new genera, 35 new species, two new combinations, two epitypes, two lectotypes, and 17 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. Validated order, family and genus: Superstratomycetales and Superstratomycetaceae (based on Superstratomyces). New genera: Haudseptoria (based on Haudseptoria typhae); Hogelandia (based on Hogelandia lambearum); Neoscirrhia (based on Neoscirrhia osmundae); Nothoanungitopsis (based on Nothoanungitopsis urophyllae); Nothomicrosphaeropsis (based on Nothomicrosphaeropsis welwitschiae); Populomyces (based on Populomyces zwinianus); Pseudoacrospermum (based on Pseudoacrospermum goniomae). New species: Apiospora sasae on dead culms of Sasa veitchii (Netherlands); Apiospora stipae on dead culms of Stipa gigantea (Spain); Bagadiella eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Australia); Calonectria singaporensis from submerged leaf litter (Singapore); Castanediella neomalaysiana on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Malaysia); Colletotrichum pleopeltidis on leaves of Pleopeltis sp. (South Africa); Coniochaeta deborreae from soil (Netherlands); Diaporthe durionigena on branches of Durio zibethinus (Vietnam); Floricola juncicola on dead culm of Juncus sp. (France); Haudseptoria typhae on leaf sheath of Typha sp. (Germany); Hogelandia lambearum from soil (Netherlands); Lomentospora valparaisensis from soil (Chile); Neofusicoccum mystacidii on dead stems of Mystacidium capense (South Africa); Neomycosphaerella guibourtiae on leaves of Guibourtia sp. (Angola); Niesslia neoexosporioides on dead leaves of Carex paniculata (Germany); Nothoanungitopsis urophyllae on seed capsules of Eucalyptus urophylla (South Africa); Nothomicrosphaeropsis welwitschiae on dead leaves of Welwitschia mirabilis (Namibia); Paracremonium bendijkiorum from soil (Netherlands); Paraphoma ledniceana on dead wood of Buxus sempervirens (Czech Republic); Paraphoma salicis on leaves of Salix cf. alba (Ukraine); Parasarocladium wereldwijsianum from soil (Netherlands); Peziza ligni on masonry and plastering (France); Phyllosticta phoenicis on leaves of Phoenix reclinata (South Africa); Plectosphaerella slobbergiarum from soil (Netherlands); Populomyces zwinianus from soil (Netherlands); Pseudoacrospermum goniomae on leaves of Gonioma kamassi (South Africa); Pseudopyricularia festucae on leaves of Festuca californica (USA); Sarocladium sasijaorum from soil (Netherlands); Sporothrix hypoxyli in sporocarp of Hypoxylon petriniae on Fraxinus wood (Netherlands); Superstratomyces albomucosus on Pycnanthus angolensis (Netherlands); Superstratomyces atroviridis on Pinus sylvestris (Netherlands); Superstratomyces flavomucosus on leaf of Hakea multilinearis (Australia); Superstratomyces tardicrescens from human eye specimen (USA); Taeniolella platani on twig of Platanus hispanica (Germany), and Tympanis pini on twigs of Pinus sylvestris (Spain).