Predicting relapse back to smoking: Contrasting affective and physical models of dependence.

Kenford, Susan L.; Smith, Stevens S.; Wetter, David W.; Jorenby, Douglas E.; Fiore, Michael C.; Baker, Timothy B.

doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.1.216

Cited by 256 publications

(233 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Participants rate adjectives describing affective states on a scale of 1-5 using a specified time period (eg now, today and past week). The PANAS has been shown to be sensitive to the affective symptoms of tobacco withdrawal (Kenford et al, 2002).…”

Section: Outcome Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Administration of Intravenous Nicotine in Male and Female Cigarette Smokers

Sofuoglu

Yoo

Hill

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Although nicotine is the main addictive chemical in tobacco, there have been few studies of pure nicotine self-administration in humans. The goal of this study was to test the parameters of an intravenous (IV) nicotine self-administration model using nicotine doses presumed to be within the range of those of average intake from cigarette smoking. Six male and four female smokers participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, which consisted of one adaptation and three experimental sessions. In each experimental session, subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three doses of nicotine (0.1, 0.4, or 0.7 mg). The lowest nicotine dose, 0.1 mg, was chosen to be approximately half the amount of nicotine inhaled from one puff of a cigarette. During each experimental session, subjects first sampled the assigned nicotine dose and placebo and then had the opportunity to choose between nicotine and placebo for a total of six choices over a 90-min period. Out of six options, the average (SEM) number of nicotine choices were 3.0 (0.48) for 0.1 mg, 4.7 (0.48) for 0.4 mg and 4.5 (0.46) for 0.7 mg, indicating a significant effect of nicotine dose on nicotine choice. Both the 0.4 and 0.7, but not the 0.1 mg, nicotine doses were preferred to placebo. These higher doses also produced increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and ratings of drug liking and high. Overall, these findings indicate that smokers chose both the 0.4 and the 0.7 mg nicotine doses over placebo. Our model may be useful in the evaluation of the effects of both behavioral and pharmacological manipulations on nicotine self-administration in humans.

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Section: Outcome Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Administration of Intravenous Nicotine in Male and Female Cigarette Smokers

Sofuoglu

Yoo

Hill

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…One of the important reinforcing qualities of smoking is its effects in managing negative affect (Gilbert 1995;Kassel et al 2003) and studies have demonstrated that nicotine reduces reports of anger (Jamner et al 1999). Also, smokers who experience anger situations are likely to increase their smoking behaviors (Jamner et al 1999;Kalman 2002;Kenford et al 2002). However, the extent to which negative affect influences smoking behavior is highly variable between individuals and is influenced by various situational factors (Gilbert 1995;Abrams et al 1988;Gilbert et al 2002;Hughes et al 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anger and psychobiological changes during smoking abstinence and in response to acute stress: Prediction of smoking relapse

Al’Absi

Carr

Bongard

2007

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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Nicotine may be used to manage negative emotions, and recent research suggests that smokers with high levels of hostility may use cigarettes to cope with anger provoking situations. This study evaluated the extent to which a high level of trait anger is associated with risk for relapse among smokers interested in cessation. Chronic smokers with different levels of trait anger provided reports of withdrawal symptoms, craving, and state anger, and collected saliva samples for cortisol during 24-hour ad libitum smoking and the first 24-hour abstinence period of a quit attempt. They also attended a laboratory session conducted after the 24-hour abstinence during which they performed brief mental and social stress challenges and provided blood samples for adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol assays. High trait anger was associated with greater increases in state anger, withdrawal symptoms, and craving during the first 24 hour of abstinence. It was also associated with greater ACTH concentrations during the laboratory session. High trait anger was also associated with increased risk for early relapse. The findings support the hypothesis that smokers high in anger trait may have greater mood difficulties during abstinence and may be more vulnerable to early relapse than smokers with low anger trait.

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“…This duration was determined based on evidence in the literature that nicotine withdrawal-related cognitive decrements can appear as early as 4 hours, and peak within 48 hours, of abstinence initiation [18,19], symptoms are greatest at the earliest points of abstinence [20] and timing and severity of symptoms may be particularly salient to the establishment of long term abstinence [21,22]. The intent of this study was to characterize tobacco abstinence effects in adolescent smokers in a controlled environment and to differentiate these effects from normal variations related to typical adolescent lability.…”

Section: Nih Public Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Acute Tobacco Abstinence in Adolescent Smokers Compared with Nonsmokers

Smith

Cavallo

Dahl

et al. 2008

Journal of Adolescent Health

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Purpose-Abstinence effects such as nicotine withdrawal and mood changes contribute to the maintenance of cigarette smoking in adult smokers and emerging reports on adolescent smokers suggest they may experience similar subjective effects when deprived. This study aimed to prospectively document tobacco abstinence induced changes during the first 48 hours of abstinence in adolescent smokers compared with nonsmokers, to distinguish effects distinct from typical adolescent lability.Methods-57 adolescent smokers and 44 adolescent nonsmokers were assessed during a 48 hour inpatient session. Characteristic nicotine withdrawal symptoms, cravings for cigarettes, and mood symptoms were measured at 13 time points following initiation of abstinence.Results-The only abstinence related effects observed were changes in craving for tobacco and feelings of anger. Tobacco craving increased and peaked quickly following initiation of abstinence and displayed a slight decrease towards the end of the 48 hour abstinence period, while anger symptoms peaked after more prolonged abstinence. Overall, smokers' symptoms and cravings were positively associated with amount of daily smoking but not with reports of dependence or biological measures of extent of use.Conclusions-We observed that among adolescent smokers, the primary effects associated with abstinence from cigarettes are relatively minimal and include a heightened and persistent craving to smoke and increases in anger. Although smokers had greater negative mood symptoms compared with nonsmokers, the presence and severity of most of these symptoms appear to be minimally altered by abstinence and not associated with dependency or biological indicators of amount of tobacco use.Research in adult smokers has shown that experiencing such abstinence effects as nicotine withdrawal and mood changes are important in the maintenance of cigarette smoking [1], and recent evidence indicates that the pattern, duration, and severity of withdrawal symptoms including negative affect, are particularly significant predictors of relapse in adult smokers [2,3,4]. However, the experience of tobacco withdrawal has not been as thoroughly evaluated in adolescent smokers.Retrospective evaluations from adolescent smokers indicate withdrawal experiences similar to those of adults when not smoking; including reported increases in cravings, nervousness, Please address correspondence to Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin, Ph.D., Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, CHMC, S 208, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519. Address e-mail correspondence to suchitra.krishnan-sarin@yale.edu. . Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could...

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Predicting relapse back to smoking: Contrasting affective and physical models of dependence.

Cited by 256 publications

References 80 publications

Self-Administration of Intravenous Nicotine in Male and Female Cigarette Smokers

Self-Administration of Intravenous Nicotine in Male and Female Cigarette Smokers

Anger and psychobiological changes during smoking abstinence and in response to acute stress: Prediction of smoking relapse

Effects of Acute Tobacco Abstinence in Adolescent Smokers Compared with Nonsmokers

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