Predicted versus actual response to warning signs and labels: Examining the role of ANSI Z535 features

Frantz, J. Paul; Young, Stephen L.; Rhoades, Timothy P.; Wisniewski, Elaine C.

doi:10.1037/e577482012-007

Cited by 6 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Participants scored almost the same regardless of the design, which could indicate that additional changes to the label of OTC acetaminophen would not surely improve compliance. Interestingly, our results are consistent with previous findings that demonstrate warnings could have little effect on consumers' behavior, since there are non-warning factors that can impact the warning process (Frantz et al, 2005;E. F. Shaver & Braun, 2000;Eric F Shaver et al, 2006).…”

Section: Why Label Warnings Have Little Effectiveness?supporting

confidence: 93%

“…While some authors continue to suggest more changes to the labels (e.g. format, content, organization, font size) could improve communication of the associated risks (King et al, 2011(King et al, , 2015Soller, Ho, & Lightwood, 2015;Trivedi, Trivedi, & Hannan, 2014); others have established that understanding a risk does not determine whether users will actually comply with a warning (Frantz, Young, Rhoades, & Wisniewski, 2005;Eric F Shaver et al, 2006). In fact, Goya et al 2012evaluated the old and new labels of OTC acetaminophen, and although the new labels were found to be better in increasing perception of the risk of liver damage, they expressed concerns whether users of OTC acetaminophen would actually comply with the better-perceived warning message and instructions (Goyal, Rajan, & Essien, 2012).…”

Section: The Controversy: Perception Implies Compliance?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adverse Events and Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs: Is Inappropriate Labeling the Problem? - The Case of Acetaminophen

Rojas

2017

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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Incorrect use of acetaminophen that results in severe liver injury is among the most common adverse drug events (ADEs) in the United States of America (USA), and other countries around the world. Compared to any other drug, it is also on the top for emergency calls, emergency room visits, and acute liver failure in the USA. Consequently, regulating acetaminophen has become a heated and unresolved public debate. During the last decades, multiple efforts have taken place to address the issue, mostly focused on the premise that inappropriate labeling is a leading cause of such ADEs, for failure in communicating the associated risks through warnings. Unlike previous studies, this paper illustrates the importance of considering human factors principles. Three different warning labels were designed and evaluated. The results showed no statistically significant effect, despite the application of best practices for label warning design. Non-design factors, the warning process and why a warning could fail are also illustrated. Implications could help researchers, policy makers, and manufacturers to consider focusing less on traditional labeling interventions, and to invest efforts more systematically considering also the current trends and the current needs of consumers.

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Section: Why Label Warnings Have Little Effectiveness?supporting

confidence: 93%

Section: The Controversy: Perception Implies Compliance?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Events and Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs: Is Inappropriate Labeling the Problem? - The Case of Acetaminophen

Rojas

2017

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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“…None of the participants looked at or read the posted warnings, regardless of the warning format. Other studies that report measureable rates for participants noticing warning labels similarly do not show beneficial effects of supplementing a warning's format with elements intended to capture attention (including color, pictograms, symbols, and formatting consistent with existing voluntary warnings standards) (e.g., Frantz, Young, Rhoades, & Wisniewski, 2005;Jaynes & Boyles, 1990;Otsubo, 1988;Shaver et al, 2006). Such results are at odds with the findings from surveys, in which respondents often think there will be an effect from adding formatting elements to warnings.…”

Section: Warnings and Saliencementioning

confidence: 90%

“…Such results are at odds with the findings from surveys, in which respondents often think there will be an effect from adding formatting elements to warnings. Participants in studies across a wide range of products consistently and incorrectly predict that the addition of formatting elements will lead to the warning being noticed by a greater proportion of people than labels lacking such features (Frantz et al, 2005;Shaver et al, 2006).…”

Section: Warnings and Saliencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies reporting the actual rates at which participants have noticed warning labels accompanying products show considerable variation in such rates across products, environments, and testing methodologies (e.g., deTurck & Goldhaber, 1989;Dorris & Purswell, 1977;Frantz & Miller, 1993;Frantz et al, 2005;Goldhaber & deTurck, 1988;Jaynes & Boyles, 1990;McGrath, 1994;Otsubo, 1988;Shaver et al, 2006;Smith-Jackson & Durak, 2000;Wogalter & Young, 1994). Across the variety of warning designs and formats tested and reported in the scientific literature, none has been identified that is uniformly noticed under all conditions.…”

Section: Warnings and Saliencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Product warnings and the involuntary capture of attention

Rauschenberger

Sala

Wood

2015

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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In both published papers and in guidelines of regulatory agencies and voluntary standards, examples can be found where the assumption is made that what will capture attention is that which is salient or conspicuous, and that these qualities are both necessary and sufficient to capture attention. A review of the published, peer-reviewed literature on attention capture, however, invites the conclusion that there are very few features of an object that will draw attention to themselves without or against the observer’s intentions. The ability of warnings to draw attention to themselves involuntarily is discussed within the context of the extant attention capture literature.

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Reconsidering the Role of Design Standards in Developing Effective Safety Labeling: Monolithic Recipes or Collections of Separable Features?

2019

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Objective This research investigated whether safety labeling design guidelines, such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z535 series, contribute to better warnings. Background Studies investigating the impact of safety label formatting on warning effectiveness have produced mixed findings. Additionally, research has failed to find a consistent relationship between measures of predicted and actual compliance. One commonality is that all of these studies have investigated the ANSI Z535 guidelines as a binary variable rather than as an integrative system of separable features. Method We measured predicted compliance using both a within-subjects and a between-subjects design, but actual compliance using only a between-subjects design. Data were analyzed using both analysis of variance and linear/probit regressions to test the relationships between warning features recommended in the ANSI Z535 guidelines and measures of behavioral compliance. Results Predicted compliance assessed via a within-subjects design differed greatly from predicted compliance assessed via a between-subjects design. Levels of predicted and actual compliance were most similar when both measures were assessed using a between-subjects design. Consistent with previous research, location had a strong relationship with actual compliance, but surprisingly, presence of an ANSI-style orange warning header had a negative relationship with compliance. Conclusion The choice of experimental design and analytical methods can dramatically influence a study’s results and conclusions drawn. This research identified several aspects of experimental design that should be considered in future research on warning effectiveness. Application Testing features recommended in the ANSI Z535 guidelines under varying conditions can contribute to the development of more effective warnings.

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Predicted versus actual response to warning signs and labels: Examining the role of ANSI Z535 features

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Adverse Events and Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs: Is Inappropriate Labeling the Problem? - The Case of Acetaminophen

Adverse Events and Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs: Is Inappropriate Labeling the Problem? - The Case of Acetaminophen

Product warnings and the involuntary capture of attention

Reconsidering the Role of Design Standards in Developing Effective Safety Labeling: Monolithic Recipes or Collections of Separable Features?

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