Predictable Policing: Predictive Crime Mapping and Geographies of Policing and Race

Jefferson, Brian Jordan

doi:10.1080/24694452.2017.1293500

Cited by 80 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…And, about two years into my research, some African‐born colleagues and friends began suggesting that perhaps the U.S.‐born students were reacting to discourses of superiority and cultural purity articulated by some of their African transnational neighbors (Conteh ; Dwamena ; McLaughlin 2009). Other colleagues and I considered the miasmic effects of law enforcement practices like saturation patrols, stop‐and‐frisk, SROs (school resource officers), or crime‐mapping (Jefferson ) on black youth across ethnicity or citizenship status (Dwamena ). Following that vein, we revisited “school‐to‐prison pipeline” theories about the ardent manufacturing of “troublemakers”‐cum‐”criminals” to maintain a thriving carceral industry (Alexander ; Archer ; Morris ; Simmons ; Wacquant ; Winn ).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Instead, they helped to entrench perceptions of "exceptional" (Thomas 2011) and gendered black violence and violent propensities (Smith 2016)-perceptions that, many would argue, have fueled the state and dominant society's compulsion to discipline black subjects in almost every realm of life for many centuries (language, dress, sexuality, reproduction, locality, etc. [Hammonds 1999;Perry 2011;Jefferson 2014;Roberts 1998;Smith 2016;Yancy 2008]). In the next few pages, I suggest that these framings by many educators and most media were acutely performative and constructive in that they reproduced the same ideologies of antiblackness that feed each of the suspected causes of interethnic conflict articulated by students and community members.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Fighting Words: Antiblackness and Discursive Violence in an American High School

Smalls

2018

J Linguistic Anthropol

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In the United States, discourses of “black‐on‐black” violence are pervasive in news media and everyday interactions. These discourses are often indexicalized along various contextual scales and draw upon several ideological wellsprings in their interdiscursive iterations. By examining a specific discourse about tensions between African transnational and African American young people in the Philadelphia area, this article considers how students and educators at a large suburban high school, local community members, and news media sustain and contest a notion of black‐on‐black violence by sometimes using the entextualized phrasing but, more often, by tacitly indexing or eroding its epistemic underpinnings. In the analysis, these underpinnings are presented as anti‐black epistemes that construct black people as immanently and exceptionally violent, and African Americans especially so. Ethnographic discourse analysis conducted over several years suggests that such epistemes help to not only rationalize the criminalization and disciplining of black youth regardless of national origin (and thus engender a multifaceted practice of “discursive violence” that can produce actual violence), but also help prop up the contextual frames through which African transnational youth discursively perform nonthreatening selves in contradistinction to their African American peers, even as they may undermine anti‐black epistemes.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Fighting Words: Antiblackness and Discursive Violence in an American High School

Smalls

2018

J Linguistic Anthropol

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“…databases for signs of criminal and or international terrorist activity" ( 6). 8 Drawing on Palantir and PredPol informatics, LAPD helicopters fly over "hot spots" as a mode of deterrence as well as pursuit (see Mather and Winton 2015), creating new articulations of much older understandings of particular spaces as criminogenic (Jefferson 2017).…”

Section: Atmospheric Policing and Swat In The Los Angeles Police Depamentioning

confidence: 99%

Drones as “Atmospheric Policing”

Kaplan¹,

Miller²

2019

Public Culture

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The use of drones to supplement and operationalize US border enforcement and municipal policing disturbs the supposed boundary between military and civilian or battleground and home front. Situating drones in an expanded field of a war power–police power nexus draws together histories of so-called small wars, insurgencies, civil rebellions, labor strikes, prison uprisings, and practices of resistance at various scales that have responded and continue to respond to colonial occupation and racial capitalism. Once we situate drones as a technology of atmospheric policing, we develop a better understanding of the ways these assemblages converge with other forms of atmospheric violence, including the toxic colonial present of warfare.

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“…Temporal dimension is also integral to the study of crime displacement and diffusion of benefits, as crimes may displace to different areas, time, or even types when law enforcements adopt hotpot patrolling (Eck 1993;Eck and Weisburd 2015). Most recently, increasing efforts have been made to integrate temporal data into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and build models that can predict when and where future crimes will occur (Rummens et al 2017;Jefferson 2018). In the work by Maciejewski et al (2010), they combined a time series analysis termed the cumulative summation model into KDE to allow for an additional temporal view of crime patterns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A spatio-temporal kernel density estimation framework for predictive crime hotspot mapping and evaluation

Hu¹,

Wang²,

Guin³

et al. 2018

Applied Geography

110

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Predictive hotspot mapping plays a critical role in hotspot policing. Existing methods such as the popular kernel density estimation (KDE) do not consider the temporal dimension of crime. Building upon recent works in related fields, this article proposes a spatio-temporal framework for predictive hotspot mapping and evaluation. Comparing to existing work in this scope, the proposed framework has four major features: (1) a spatio-temporal kernel density estimation (STKDE) method is applied to include the temporal component in predictive hotspot mapping, (2) a data-driven optimization technique, the likelihood cross-validation, is used to select the most appropriate bandwidths, (3) a statistical significance test is designed to filter out false positives in the density estimates, and (4) a new metric, the predictive accuracy index (PAI) curve, is proposed to evaluate predictive hotspots at multiple areal scales. The framework is illustrated in a case study of residential burglaries in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in 2011, and the results validate its utility.

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Predictable Policing: Predictive Crime Mapping and Geographies of Policing and Race

Cited by 80 publications

References 55 publications

Fighting Words: Antiblackness and Discursive Violence in an American High School

Fighting Words: Antiblackness and Discursive Violence in an American High School

Drones as “Atmospheric Policing”

A spatio-temporal kernel density estimation framework for predictive crime hotspot mapping and evaluation

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