Predator responses to fire: A global systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract

Knowledge of how disturbances such as fire shape habitat structure and composition, and affect animal interactions, is fundamental to ecology and ecosystem management. Predators also exert strong effects on ecological communities, through top‐down regulation of prey and competitors, which can result in trophic cascades. Despite their ubiquity, ecological importance and potential to interact with fire, our general understanding of how predators respond to fire remains poor, hampering ecosystem management. To address this important knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effects of fire on terrestrial, vertebrate predators world‐wide. We found 160 studies spanning 1978–2018. There were 36 studies with sufficient information for meta‐analysis, from which we extracted 96 effect sizes (Hedges' g) for 67 predator species relating to changes in abundance indices, occupancy or resource selection in burned and unburned areas, or before and after fire. Studies spanned geographic locations, taxonomic families and study designs, but most were located in North America and Oceania (59% and 24%, respectively), and largely focussed on felids (24%) and canids (25%). Half (50%) of the studies reported responses to wildfire, and nearly one third concerned prescribed (management) fires. There were no clear, general responses of predators to fire, nor relationships with geographic area, biome or life‐history traits (e.g. body mass, hunting strategy and diet). Responses varied considerably between species. Analysis of species for which at least three effect sizes had been reported in the literature revealed that red foxes Vulpes vulpes mostly responded positively to fire (e.g. higher abundance in burned compared to unburned areas) and eastern racers Coluber constrictor negatively, with variances overlapping zero only slightly for both species. Our systematic review and meta‐analysis revealed strong variation in predator responses to fire, and major geographic and taxonomic knowledge gaps. Varied responses of predator species to fire likely depend on ecosystem context. Consistent reporting of ongoing monitoring and management experiments is required to improve understanding of the mechanisms driving predator responses to fire, and any broader effects (e.g. trophic interactions). The divergent responses of species in our study suggest that adaptive, context‐specific management of predator–fire relationships is required.

Predators, fire or resources: What drives the distribution of herbivores in fragmented mesic forests?

“…These findings contrast strongly with other Australian studies that have found that variation in predation rates and fire strongly influence the abundance (rather than occurrence) of native herbivores (Dexter et al ; Foster et al ), although effects on native herbivore occurrence are less well understood. Our findings are, however, consistent with other studies that have found little influence of time‐since‐fire on fox distribution at a landscape scale (Payne et al ; Hradsky et al ) and broader trends across other predators species (Geary et al ).…”

Fire as a fundamental ecological process: Research advances and frontiers

“…Studies about fire and biodiversity have traditionally focused on vascular plants. Other organisms, from decomposers to higher trophic levels, are only starting to be considered (Geary, Doherty, Nimmo, Tulloch, & Ritchie, 2019; Mikita‐Barbato, Kelly, & Tate, 2015; Ponisio et al., 2016). For example, fire indirectly influences ungulate populations and avian communities through its effects on habitat quality, including forage and nesting opportunities (Hutto, 2008; Rupp et al., 2006; Smucker, Hutto, & Steele, 2005).…”

Extent, configuration and diversity of burned and forested areas predict bat richness in a fire-maintained forest

“…Highly mobile animals in particular, have the ability to move between burned and unburned patches and therefore may respond to landscape composition, configuration and diversity at multiple scales (Rocha et al 2016;Tingley et al 2016b;Nimmo et al 2019). Limited research indicates that highly mobile animals may benefit from increased mobility and foraging opportunities afforded by fire edges (Eyes et al 2017;Vanbianchi et al 2017) but this is not consistent across species (Eby et al 2013;Geary et al 2019). Positive relationships between species richness and pyrodiversity have led to an increasing focus on managing landscapes with heterogenous burn patterns (Sitters et al 2014;Ponisio et al 2016;Tingley et al 2016b).…”