Predator‐‐Induced Life History Changes: Antipredator Behavior Costs or Facultative Life History Shifts?

Ball, Shelley L.; Baker, Robert L.

doi:10.2307/2265580

Cited by 154 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Theoretical models of metamorphosis (Wilbur and Collins 1973;Werner 1986;Rowe and Ludwig 1991) predict that reduced growth in the presence of predators should lead to metamorphosis at smaller size. These models have been supported by some empirical experiments (e.g., Skelly and Werner 1990;Peckarsky et al 1993;Ball and Baker 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Artificial warming increases size at metamorphosis in plateau frogs (Rana kukunoris) in the presence of predators

Zhao

Yang

et al. 2014

Aquat Ecol

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Global warming may induce significant changes in species life history traits particularly in amphibians, which are characterized by complex and plastic life cycles. Because both warming and predators are often suggested to reduce size at metamorphosis in amphibians, we hypothesized that the size at metamorphosis was further reduced by experimental warming in the presence of predators. We conducted a factorialdesigned experiment involving two factors and two levels (warmed vs. ambient, lethal predator absence vs. presence, resulting in four treatments) using Rana kukunoris tadpoles in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, and we examined its behavioral, growth, and developmental responses to warming in the presence and absence of predatory beetles (Agabus sp.) for 13 weeks. During the course of the experiment, a similar level of tadpole mortality due to the diving beetles was found between ambient and warmed treatments, but the warming effect on size at metamorphosis depended on whether the predators were present or absent. In the absence of predators, warming did not significantly increase tadpole growth but advanced the timing of metamorphosis, such that size at metamorphosis of forelimb emergence and tail resorption was much reduced in terms of body fresh weight. In the presence of predators, warming increased tadpole growth rate much more than the development rate (as reflected by duration of the tadpole stage), and therefore the size at metamorphosis was significantly increased. The significant effect of the interaction between predator and warming on the size at metamorphosis could be attributed to the tadpole response in the frequencies of feeding, resting, and swimming to the predator activity level, which was in turn increased by warming. We suggest that warming-induced changes in life history traits should be studied in relation to species interaction so as to accurately predict ecological response of amphibians to the future warmed world.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Artificial warming increases size at metamorphosis in plateau frogs (Rana kukunoris) in the presence of predators

Zhao

Yang

et al. 2014

Aquat Ecol

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“…This kind of plastic change may be a by-product of anti-predator behaviour (Ball & Baker, 1996) or represent adaptive modifications of growth schedules per se (Beckerman et al, 2007). Within this conceptual framework, the case of E. atomaria can be considered an adaptive modification, as both growth rate and development rate are affected (see also Tammaru et al, 2000, for a related discussion of crowding effects).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larval crowding leads to unusual reaction norms for size and time at maturity in a geometrid moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Vellau¹,

Tammaru²

2012

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. The theory of life history evolution generally predicts a negative across-environment correlation between development time and size at maturity in response to variations in environmental quality. Deviations from this pattern occur under specific circumstances. In particular, organisms may mature both early and at a small size when (1) some ultimate change (e.g. time constraint, resource exhaustion) in the environment precludes further growth, or (2) when there are predictable among-environment differences in mortality rates. The first scenario is frequently documented in insects but evidence for the second possibility is scarce. Here we report a crowding-induced plastic response resulting in a clear positive across-environment correlation between final weight and development time in a geometrid moth. The response was apparent during the entire larval period and in the last larval instar. Crowding also led to increased growth rates. As outbreaks have not been reported for this species it is unlikely that early pupation is a response to anticipated food shortage. Instead, we suggest that crowded larvae may perceive a higher risk of predation, perhaps because they are unable to distinguish conspecifics from potential predators. A possibility for a plastic increase in growth rate implies that the uncrowded larvae grow at submaximal rates, which indicates a cost of high growth rate.

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“…An increase in resource availability can lead to better body condition and a larger body size (e.g., Du 2006, Jessop et al 2006, Wu et al 2006. Due to the costs of anti-predator behaviour, higher predation pressure can lead to early hatch-ing, lower growth and developmental rates, and thus to a smaller size at emergence or metamorphosis (e.g., Ball andBaker 1996, Laurila et al 2002). In amphibians this further negatively affects limb dimensions and locomotor performance (Goater et al 1993, Buckley et al 2005.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological shifts in populations of generalist and specialist amphibians in response to fragmentation of the Brazilian Atlantic forest

Steinicke¹,

Gruber²,

Grimm³

et al. 2015

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Changes in morphological traits, such as body size, body condition, and leg length, are important indicators of changes to life history or habitat quality, which can affect the performance of individuals and therefore the persistence of populations under environmental change. Only very few studies assessed the effect of fragmentation on morphological traits. The few available studies on anurans found that in landscapes with less forest cover body size decreased. Therefore, we predict that body size should also be smaller in fragments compared to continuous forest. Body condition is a further trait closely related to individual performance and thus should decline with more adverse conditions, as is expected in fragments. We tested these hypotheses using snout-vent length, body mass, body condition, and tibia length as response variables. We collected data of a habitat generalist (Rhinella ornata) and a habitat specialist (Ischnocnema guentheri), both leaf-litter amphibian species, from three sites in a fragmented landscape (two isolated and one connected site) and one site in a contiguous part of the Atlantic Forest of Southeast Brazil. In the generalist species, snout-vent-length (SVL) and body mass were significantly lower in fragments compared to the contiguous forest control, whereas tibia length and body condition Nature Conservation 13: 47-59 (2015) doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.13. RESEARCH ARTICLE Launched to accelerate biodiversity conservation A peer-reviewed open-access journalHenning Steinicke et al. / Nature Conservation 13: 47-59 (2015) 48 did not differ among sites. In contrast, SVL, body mass, and tibia length of the specialist species did not differ among sites, but body condition was marginally different among sites, being relatively low in one but not the other isolated fragment. The results indicate that different processes affect the morphology of the two species following habitat fragmentation.

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Predator‐‐Induced Life History Changes: Antipredator Behavior Costs or Facultative Life History Shifts?

Cited by 154 publications

References 34 publications

Artificial warming increases size at metamorphosis in plateau frogs (Rana kukunoris) in the presence of predators

Artificial warming increases size at metamorphosis in plateau frogs (Rana kukunoris) in the presence of predators

Larval crowding leads to unusual reaction norms for size and time at maturity in a geometrid moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Morphological shifts in populations of generalist and specialist amphibians in response to fragmentation of the Brazilian Atlantic forest

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