Predation risk as a cost of reproduction

Magnhagen, Carin

doi:10.1016/0169-5347(91)90210-o

Cited by 867 publications

(618 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…One restriction of our model is that all predation unrelated to reproductive activities of the population can be included in the mortality parameter d. We also assumed identical male and female life histories to simplify the analyses. Although both assumptions are often reasonable, there are many examples of sex-selective predation (Magnhagen, 1991;Zuk and Kolluru, 1998) and such predation can fundamentally change the predator-prey dynamics (Boukal et al, 2008). Second, one could examine evolutionarily stable reproductive strategies in the present setting to see how individuals benefit from putting energy to reproduction or to predator avoidance, a topic on which we currently work.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscript 19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Caught between two Allee effects: Trade-off between reproduction and predation risk

Pavlová

Berec

Boukal

2010

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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Abstract:Reproductive activities are often associated with conspicuous morphology or behaviour that could be exploited by predators. Individuals can therefore face a trade-off between reproduction and predation risk. Here we use simple models to explore population-dynamical consequences of such a trade-off for populations subject to a mate-finding Allee effect and an Allee effect due to predation. We present our results in the light of populations that belong to endangered species or pests and study their viability and resilience. We distinguish several qualitative scenarios characterized by the shape and strength of the trade-off and, in particular, identify conditions for which the populations survive or go extinct. Reproduction can be so costly that the population always goes extinct. In other cases, the population goes extinct only over a certain range of low, intermediate or high levels of reproductive activities. Moreover, we show that predator removal (e.g. in an attempt to save an endangered prey species) has the least effect on populations with low cost of reproduction in terms of predation and, conversely, predator addition (e.g. to eradicate a pest) is most effective for populations with high predation cost of reproduction. Our results indicate that a detailed knowledge of the trade-off can be crucial in applications: for some trade-off shapes, only intermediate levels of reproductive activities might guarantee population survival, while they can lead to extinction for others. We therefore suggest that the fate of populations subject to the two antagonistic Allee effects should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Although the literature offers no quantitative data on possible trade-off shapes in any taxa, indirect evidence suggests that the trade-off and both Allee effects can occur simultaneously, e.g. in the golden egg bug Phyllomorpha laciniata.

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Section: Accepted Manuscript 19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Caught between two Allee effects: Trade-off between reproduction and predation risk

Pavlová

Berec

Boukal

2010

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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“…During reproduction, individuals are often exposed to increased predation risk, owing to conspicuous courtship behaviours and coloration, increased predator encounters, or reduced agility and opportunity for escape (Gwynne 1989;Lima & Dill 1990;Magnhagen 1991;Andersson 1994). Several studies have found that individuals try to reduce their susceptibility to predators by adjusting their reproductive tactics and characteristics to the risk of predation, for example by decreasing the intensity of courtship or nuptial coloration (Farr 1975;Endler 1983;Hastings 1991;Fuller & Berglund 1996;Candolin 1997;Godin & MacAulay 1997), switching to alternative reproductive strategies (Godin 1995 and references therein), or decreasing mating duration and frequency (Sih 1988;Sih et al 1990).…”

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confidence: 99%

Predator-induced nest site preference: safe nests allow courtship in sticklebacks

Candolin

Voigt

1998

Animal Behaviour

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Reproductive activities often increase the susceptibility of individuals to predators. Individuals may be able to reduce this risk of predation, however, by their choice of breeding habitat, as the structural complexity of habitats is known to affect predator foraging success. Here we show that the presence of predators induces a preference for structurally complex nest sites over open ones in male three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. To investigate whether this predator-induced nest site preference can decrease the known negative effect of predators on courtship activity, we recorded the reduction in courtship activity during predator presentations for males in vegetated and open nest sites. Habitat structure affected the response to a predator when males were in competition. A male in a vegetated site reduced courtship activity less than a male in an open site. Habitat had no effect on courtship when males were solitary, however. This suggests that male-male competition and the possibility of losing mating opportunities to other males affect risk taking. Females, who were unaware of the predator, preferred the male in the vegetated site, which showed less reduction in courtship, when the males were exposed to a predator, but chose randomly between the males when the predator was absent. Thus, a preference for vegetated nest sites under predation risk may be beneficial not only by increasing the probability of survival, but also by reducing the negative impact of predators on courtship activity and mating probability.

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“…mate searching, territorial defense, etc) may force males to be more active and risk more (i.e. short FID) (Magnhagen, 1991;Cooper, 1997bCooper, , 1999bCooper & Wilson, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escape strategy of Schreiber’s green lizards (Lacerta schreiberi) is determined by environment but not season or sex

Kopena

Herczeg

López

et al. 2015

Behav

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Antipredator escape behaviour shows great variation with well-established sources of variation being the physical environment and the ecological context. However, the relative roles of these sources are rarely assessed together. We measured the distance that Schreiber's green lizards, Lacerta schreiberi allowed a simulated predator to approach before fleeing (flight initiation distance; FID) to know which are the main determinants of escape decisions. The environment had direct effects on the lizards' escape strategy; FID showed strong positive relationship with distance to refuge on grassy, but not on rocky substrates. Furthermore, refuge distance and the escape angle had a complex, substrateindependent, interaction effect: either short refuge distances or large escape angles resulted in short FIDs. In contrast, neither season (reproductive vs. nonreproductive), nor sex affected FID. We suggest that the escape strategy of this lizard is determined mainly by the environmental settings, irrespective of the ecological context or sexual roles.

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Predation risk as a cost of reproduction

Cited by 867 publications

References 33 publications

Caught between two Allee effects: Trade-off between reproduction and predation risk

Caught between two Allee effects: Trade-off between reproduction and predation risk

Predator-induced nest site preference: safe nests allow courtship in sticklebacks

Escape strategy of Schreiber’s green lizards (Lacerta schreiberi) is determined by environment but not season or sex

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