Precursor Chemistry – Main Group Metal Oxides

Pugh, David; Bloor, Leanne G.; Moniz, Savio J. A.; Carmalt, Claire J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097774-4.00134-0

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…141 Whilst gallium oxide is amorphous at lower temperatures it shows semiconducting behaviour above 450 1C and changes in resistivity depending on the concentration of various reducing gases. 137,[142][143][144] Recent developments on the AACVD of gallium oxide are described below. 137,[142][143][144] Recent developments on the AACVD of gallium oxide are described below.…”

Section: Gallium and Indium Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…237 In general, precursor compounds of bismuth can be grouped into 3 sections; alkoxides, b-diketonates and carboxylates. 242 There are a number of reports of the deposition of thin films of Bi 2 O 3 in the literature by a variety of techniques, 143 however this section will focus on recent developments in the AACVD of the material. [Bi(NMe 2 ) 3 ] 238 or the less air-sensitive bismuth silyl amide [Bi{N(SiMe 3 ) 2 } 3 ]), 239 or metathesis reaction of bismuth halides and alkoxide salts.…”

Section: Bismuth Oxide Based Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Precursors to gallium oxide have received much interest and have been described in some reviews. 137,[142][143][144] Recent developments on the AACVD of gallium oxide are described below.…”

Section: Gallium and Indium Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…241,242 To further understand the potential of bismuth alkoxides and b-diketonates as CVD precursors TGA was carried out on a range of compounds. 242 There are a number of reports of the deposition of thin films of Bi 2 O 3 in the literature by a variety of techniques, 143 however this section will focus on recent developments in the AACVD of the material. Bismuth b-diketonates have attracted attention as CVD precursors due to their increased stability to moisture; recently [Bi(dbm) 3 ] 2 (dbm = dibenzoylmethane) was used as a precursor in AACVD of Bi 2 O 3 at 460-525 1C (Fig.…”

Section: Bismuth Oxide Based Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solution based CVD of main group materials

2016

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This critical review focuses on the solution based chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of main group materials with particular emphasis on their current and potential applications. Deposition of thin films of main group materials, such as metal oxides, sulfides and arsenides, have been researched owing to the array of applications which utilise them including solar cells, transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) and window coatings. Solution based CVD processes, such as aerosol-assisted (AA)CVD have been developed due to their scalability and to overcome the requirement of suitably volatile precursors as the technique relies on the solubility rather than volatility of precursors which vastly extends the range of potentially applicable compounds. An introduction into the applications and precursor requirements of main group materials will be presented first followed by a detailed discussion of their deposition reviewed according to this application. The challenges and prospects for further enabling research in terms of emerging main group materials will be discussed.

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Section: Gallium and Indium Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bismuth Oxide Based Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Precursors to gallium oxide have received much interest and have been described in some reviews. 137,[142][143][144] Recent developments on the AACVD of gallium oxide are described below.…”

Section: Gallium and Indium Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bismuth Oxide Based Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solution based CVD of main group materials

2016

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“…In this study, the Open Specy spectra that correlated better with the blue fiber spectrum were those of PbO, synthetic rhodostannite (Cu 2 FeSn3S 8 ), and lithium triniobate (LiNbO3) (Supplementary Figure S3, supplementary material). These three compounds or similar compounds (such as Cu 2 FeSnS 4 ) are associated with electronic devices production (Pugh et al, 2013;Baláž et al, 2017;Sumets et al, 2017). These are largely inappropriately disposed and end up in landfills or nature (Wong et al, 2007;Li and Achal, 2020;Patil and Ramakrishna, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microplastics in sediments of the Pantanal Wetlands, Brazil

Camargo

Girard

Sanz‐Lázaro

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Microplastics (<5 mm) can have negative and deleterious environmental effects. However, the scarce information on the levels of microplastics and the factors underlying their input in wetlands, limits the understating of the vulnerability of these ecosystems to microplastics. To contribute closing this important information gap, the concentration (items/m−2), size and the variables related to the distribution of microplastics in fluvial sediments of the Cuiabá River, a tributary of the Pantanal, the world largest flooded Savanna and a UNESCO World Heritage were investigated. The mean microplastic level was 576.8 ± 577.8 items/m−2 of sediments which were mainly fragments (309.0 ± 319.6 items/m−2) and fibers (267.8 ± 339.9 items/m−2). The maximum level was 1938.8 items/m−2 found in the urban stretch of the sister cities of Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, the largest urban agglomeration in the study area. Unexpectedly, the composition of the microplastic with highest average level (240.7 ± 310.4 items/m−2), a blue synthetic fiber, could not be unequivocally determined by RAMAN spectrometry. Its complex composition includes Pb, Li and Nb, suggesting it may derive from electronic waste. Polypropylene (159.2 ± 133.4 items/m−2) and Polyvinyl Chloride (104.6 ± 217.2 items/m−2) were the second and third polymers with higher average levels. The average size of microplastics particles in sampling sites ranged from 0.18 mm to 1.74 mm. Microplastic concentration was positively related to urban areas. Similarly, microplastics particles size decreased with distance from urban areas. These results suggest that urban areas along the Cuiabá River, with poor waste management, are a major source of microplastic pollution in the Pantanal floodplain and that electronic waste might contribute significantly to this contamination. This study highlights the importance of adequate waste management in cities to limit microplastic contamination in areas of ecological importance, such as the Pantanal.

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Synthesis and Structural Characterization of β‐Ketoiminate‐Stabilized Gallium Hydrides for Chemical Vapor Deposition Applications

Marchand

Pugh

Parkin

et al. 2014

Chemistry A European J

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Bis-β-ketoimine ligands of the form [(CH2 )n {N(H)C(Me)CHC(Me)O}2 ] (L(n) H2 , n=2, 3 and 4) were employed in the formation of a range of gallium complexes [Ga(L(n) )X] (X=Cl, Me, H), which were characterised by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The β-ketoimine ligands have also been used for the stabilisation of rare gallium hydride species [Ga(L(n) )H] (n=2 (7); n=3 (8)), which have been structurally characterised for the first time, confirming the formation of five-coordinate, monomeric species. The stability of these hydrides has been probed through thermal analysis, revealing stability at temperatures in excess of 200 °C. The efficacy of all the gallium β-ketoiminate complexes as molecular precursors for the deposition of gallium oxide thin films by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) has been investigated through thermogravimetric analysis and deposition studies, with the best results being found for a bimetallic gallium methyl complex [L(3) {GaMe2 }2 ] (5) and the hydride [Ga(L(3) )H] (8). The resulting films (F5 and F8, respectively) were amorphous as-deposited and thus were characterised primarily by XPS, EDXA and SEM techniques, which showed the formation of stoichiometric (F5) and oxygen-deficient (F8) Ga2 O3 thin films.

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Precursor Chemistry – Main Group Metal Oxides

Cited by 3 publications

References 318 publications

Solution based CVD of main group materials

Solution based CVD of main group materials

Microplastics in sediments of the Pantanal Wetlands, Brazil

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of β‐Ketoiminate‐Stabilized Gallium Hydrides for Chemical Vapor Deposition Applications

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