Precise water level measurements using low-cost GNSS antenna arrays

Purnell, David; Gomez, Natalya; Minarik, W. G.; Porter, David; Langston, Gregory

doi:10.5194/esurf-2020-108

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…The data collected at Trois-Rivières and Saint-Joseph-de-la-Rive has been uploaded to the repository D. Purnell et al (2023). The software is available at https://github.com/purnelldj/gnssir_rt and has been permanently archived at (D. Purnell, 2023).…”

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real‐Time Water Levels Using GNSS‐IR: A Potential Tool for Flood Monitoring

Purnell,

Gomez,

Minarik

et al. 2024

Geophysical Research Letters

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Global Navigation Satellite System Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS‐IR) using low‐cost antennas is a practical solution for monitoring water levels from rivers, lakes and seas that does not require submerging any instruments in water. Here we present a novel method for obtaining real‐time water levels using multiple low‐cost antennas that we validate by comparing with measurements from a co‐located pressure gauge at two sites with variable tides. Additionally, we use survey measurements to show that there is a site‐dependant mean bias in GNSS‐IR measurements up to a few centimeters, but this mean bias can be effectively removed by using a correction for the effect of tropospheric delay. We conclude that GNSS‐IR water level sensors could be a powerful tool for real‐time applications such as flood or storm surge monitoring and water resource management, as well as for improving the spatial coverage of sensors in remote regions.

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Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real‐Time Water Levels Using GNSS‐IR: A Potential Tool for Flood Monitoring

Purnell,

Gomez,

Minarik

et al. 2024

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Such installations have far superior reflection characteristics at the cost of poor positioning capabilities. GNSS‐IR also benefits from using an inexpensive GNSS antenna which does not mitigate reflections to the same extent as larger geodetic antenna (Fagundes et al., 2021; Purnell et al., 2021; Williams et al., 2020).…”

Section: Gnss Interferometric Reflectometry For Water Level Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Purnell et al. (2021) employed a stack of side‐facing low‐cost antenna and receivers (total cost ∼ $200–300 U.S. dollars including solar panel and battery) to track the L1 frequency of multiple GNSS constellations. The water surface reflections extended more than 140° in azimuth and over a range of elevation angles up to 50°.…”

Section: Gnss Interferometric Reflectometry For Water Level Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raspberry Pi Reflector (RPR): A Low‐Cost Water‐Level Monitoring System Based on GNSS Interferometric Reflectometry

Karegar

Kusche

Geremia‐Nievinski

et al. 2022

Water Resources Research

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One of the challenges for hydrologists and environmental scientists is the need to obtain and sustain in situ water level measurements for calibrating and improving forecast models, validating satellite and airborne data products, and developing early-warning flood systems. Ground-based measurements are still scarce in many regions. In particular, stream flow monitoring gauges have been declining sharply since the mid 1980s due to high maintenance cost, funding shortfalls and (geo-) political constraints (Hannah et al., 2011;Reid et al., 2019;Ruhi et al., 2016Ruhi et al., , 2018. While satellite remote sensing techniques have been utilized to monitor oceanic and land surface water with unprecedented global coverage, their measurements are associated with moderate uncertainties and temporal resolution (>7-day return) (Escudier et al., 2017;Jarihani et al., 2013). The upcoming NASA's Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission will collect high-accuracy measurements of inland surface water elevation (10 cm error for 1 km 2 areas) at unprecedented scales (10-70 m resolution) using Ka-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar. SWOT will provide global maps of water surface elevation, slope and inundated areas for rivers wider than 100 m (Biancamaria et al., 2016). The SWOT interferometric swath will pass over a given location two or three times every 21-day orbital cycle (Tuozzolo et al., 2019). However, the coarse temporal resolution of satellite altimetry missions such as SWOT and the requirement for monitoring smaller rivers and tributaries underline the significance of in situ monitoring sites. Measurements of sea surface and river water level using ground-based sensors conventionally rely on contact methods, such as traditional float and stilling well gauges (Noye, 1974) and bubbler pressure gauges (Pugh, 1972), or proximal sensing gauges, such as acoustic (

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“…This technique is named as GNSS-Interference/Maltipath Reflectometry (GNSS-I/MR), which could provide centimeterlevel altimetry precision. Geodetic antenna and receiver are designed to reduce multipath signals so that only GNSS signals from the low elevation angle satellites are used to measure sea surface height, therefore this approach based on geodetic antenna and receiver has low temporal resolution [28]. A 10year comparison of water levels measured using a geodetic GPS receiver versus tide gauge was carried out, and the results showed that the daily sampling number of individual estimations from GPS is from 20 to 40, and the corresponding sampling rate is from 0.6 to 1.2 h [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A 10year comparison of water levels measured using a geodetic GPS receiver versus tide gauge was carried out, and the results showed that the daily sampling number of individual estimations from GPS is from 20 to 40, and the corresponding sampling rate is from 0.6 to 1.2 h [29]. To use the signals over a greater range of satellite elevation angles, multiple lowcost antennas were used to measure water level in [28]. The results found that using a larger range of elevation angle can eliminate the gaps in time for daily tidal variation, however, the measurements were generally less precise at elevation angles greater than 30 • because of lower RHCP components in signals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%