Precipitating Proximal Factors in the Occurrence of Mental Disorders: Epidemiological Evidence

Reid, D. D.

doi:10.2307/3348601

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…And it is into low income areas that new immigrant groups must frequently move, often giving rise to problems of conflict between members of different cultures (e.g., Dohren-wend& Smith, 1962). Reid (1961) has reviewed the literature on the relation of immediate external events to the onset of mental disorders. He found that the epidemiological or statistical evidence about the effect of such externals on mental disease is relatively scanty .…”

Section: Relative Pervasiveness In Lower Class Environment Of Stresso...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The problem of validity in field studies of psychological disorder.

Dohrewend¹,

Dohrewend²

1965

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

187

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Results of over 25 attempts to count untreated cases of psychological disorder in community populations are reviewed, and the problem of validity in the measures of disorder is analyzed. Evidence of validity is found to be scant. The position is taken that, with no generally accepted criteria available, and no universe of content agreed upon, construct validity takes on added importance. A lead to 1 possible nomological net for the construct of psychological disorder is the consistent finding that the lowest socioeconomic stratum has the highest rate of symptomatology. This lead is developed with reference to the transience of symptomatology found in extreme situations, in contrast to the persistence of symptomatology observed in patients and in studies of experimental neurosis.

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Section: Relative Pervasiveness In Lower Class Environment Of Stresso...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The problem of validity in field studies of psychological disorder.

Dohrewend¹,

Dohrewend²

1965

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

187

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“…orders, an area that represents one of the most exciting developments in the field of social epidemiological research in recent decades (see, e.g., B. S. Dohrenwend & B. P. Dohrenwend, 1974;Reid, 1961;Zautra, Beier, & Cappel, 1977).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Marital disruption as a stressor: A review and analysis.

Bloom¹,

Asher²,

White³

1978

Psychological Bulletin

513

221

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This article describes some of the major demographic trends in the field of marital disruption and provides an analysis of the evidence linking separation and divorce with a wide variety of physical and emotional disorders. Separation and divorce appear to be profoundly stressful life events. Hypotheses that have been advanced to account for the strong associations between marital disruption and emotional disorder are critically examined. Studies of problems faced by persons undergoing marital disruption and studies of remedial programs are reviewed and evaluated, and major unresolved issues are identified and discussed.In 1976, more than 3,000,000 persons in the United States were directly involved in a dissolution of marriage. There were over 1,000,000 divorces, and in each divorce there was an average of 1.08 children. Thus, more than 2,000,000 adults and over 1,000,000 children were affected by divorce in a single year, representing, in 1 year alone, 1.5% of the total United States population (see National Center for Health Statistics, 1974Statistics, , 1976aStatistics, , 1977a; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1974). These figures might have little interest to any group other than demographers were it not for the fact that there is a growing body of evidence that marital disruption (separation or divorce) constitutes a severe stress and that the consequences of that stress can be seen in a surprisingly wide variety of physical and emotional disorders. More than a century ago, "the slow tortures of connubial disturbance" were cited as being among the causes of psychiatric disorders (Wood, 18S2, p. 708). Continuing interest in marital disruption as a specific stress is now part of the growing general interest in those events that appear to precipitate physical and psychological dis-Brief portions of this article are excerpts or paraphrases of passages in chapter 6 of Bloom's (1977) book.Requests for reprints should be sent to Bernard

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“…Jews, usually excluded during the Middle Ages from the political and economic power centers of society, could make a comparatively healthy psychological adjustment by focusing their identity on the ingroup and limiting their expressive ties to other Jews. But with emancipation, as Jews were Reid, 1961. It is necessary, though, to use as indicators antisocial behavior as defined by a social science model and not by the middle class or the alienating society. Thus, it is not clear at all that the smoking of marihuana (as distinct from heroin or opium) is more antisocial than moderate drinking.…”

Section: Psychological Focus On Alienation and Inauthenticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Man and society: The inauthentic condition.

Etzioni¹

1970

Psychology and the Problems of Society.

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Among sociologists and social psychologists the concept of "basic human needs" is held in low regard. Inkeles (1964), in reviewing the field, said:Man's "original nature" is seen largely in neutral terms, as neither good nor bad. It is, rather, a potential for development, and the extent to which the potential is realized depends on the time and society into which a man is born and on his distinctive place in it. If it does not quite treat him as a "tabula rasa," modern sociology nevertheless, regards man as a flexible form which can be given all manner of content.Socialization, the process of learning one's culture while growing out of infant and childhood dependency, leads to internalization of society's values and goals. People come to want to do what from the point of society they must do. Man is, therefore, seen, in his inner being, as mainly moral, by and large accepting and fulfilling the demands society makes on him [p. 50, nonitalics added]. Cohen (1966) stated recently:Nobody has ever been able to formulate an inventory of original or unsocialized tendencies that has commanded more than scattered and temporary agreement. In the second place, the very meaning of "original human nature," in any other sense than a range of possibilities, each of them dependent upon specific experiences for its development or maturation, has always proved exceedingly elusive and obscure [p. 601. Basic Human Needs DebateThis is not to suggest that these disciplines do not recognize the existence of tensions between social roles (modes of conduct which are socially prescribed and reinforced) and personal needs or preferences. But the discrepancies between a person's inclination and that which is socially expected are accounted for by imperfect socialization, inadequate social control, or conflicting social demands, all social factors. True, these sociologists and social psychologists will concede, we do

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Precipitating Proximal Factors in the Occurrence of Mental Disorders: Epidemiological Evidence

Cited by 7 publications

References 26 publications

The problem of validity in field studies of psychological disorder.

The problem of validity in field studies of psychological disorder.

Marital disruption as a stressor: A review and analysis.

Man and society: The inauthentic condition.

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