“…Caspase activation is a central induction of apoptosis. The caspase8 and caspase9 are called "initiator caspases" were activated first, while the caspase3 which are called "executioner caspases" mediated the cell death (Chen et al, 2021;Lin et al, 2021). Studies have shown that caspases mediated apoptosis play a key role in neuronal injury caused by EV-A71 infection (Song et al, 2018).…”
Emerging evidence that Enterovirus A 71 (EV-A71) infection closely related to apoptosis. The ZVAD is a caspase inhibitor that can prevent apoptosis. The aims of this project were to evaluate the mechanism of the ZVAD inhibited EV-A71 virus and to provide experiment basis for finding new antiviral drugs. In this study, after treated with ZVAD in EV-A71 infected Vero cells, the viral replication was reduced, and the cell viability was higher than EV-A71 group. Additionally, ZVAD decreased the cell apoptosis and the level of inflammatory cytokines induced by EV-A71 in the infected Vero cells. ZVAD inhibited cell apoptosis by regulating ROS mediated signaling pathway and inflammation cytokines to achieve antiviral.
“…Caspase activation is a central induction of apoptosis. The caspase8 and caspase9 are called "initiator caspases" were activated first, while the caspase3 which are called "executioner caspases" mediated the cell death (Chen et al, 2021;Lin et al, 2021). Studies have shown that caspases mediated apoptosis play a key role in neuronal injury caused by EV-A71 infection (Song et al, 2018).…”
Emerging evidence that Enterovirus A 71 (EV-A71) infection closely related to apoptosis. The ZVAD is a caspase inhibitor that can prevent apoptosis. The aims of this project were to evaluate the mechanism of the ZVAD inhibited EV-A71 virus and to provide experiment basis for finding new antiviral drugs. In this study, after treated with ZVAD in EV-A71 infected Vero cells, the viral replication was reduced, and the cell viability was higher than EV-A71 group. Additionally, ZVAD decreased the cell apoptosis and the level of inflammatory cytokines induced by EV-A71 in the infected Vero cells. ZVAD inhibited cell apoptosis by regulating ROS mediated signaling pathway and inflammation cytokines to achieve antiviral.
“…Local hypoxia has been demonstrated as an essential characteristic of tumor microenvironment and contributed significantly to treatment resistance [ 62 , 63 ]. Weiqiang et al developed superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) loaded nanoscale oxygen generator (PLZ4@SeD) with bladder cancer targeting moiety to release the hypoxia in bladder cancer by intravesical instillation [ 64 ]. The nanoparticles showed great targeting ability and tumor permeability to 3 patient-derived bladder tumors and thus enhance the MRI contrast efficiency.…”
Section: Bladder Cancer Treatment and Nanotechnologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of PLZ4@SeD NPs design and MRI-guided chemotherapy through ameliorating hypoxia [ 64 ] (Copyright 2021, reproduced with permission from Elsevier) …”
Section: Bladder Cancer Treatment and Nanotechnologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Schematic diagram of PLZ4@SeD NPs design and MRI-guided chemotherapy through ameliorating hypoxia [ 64 ] …”
Section: Bladder Cancer Treatment and Nanotechnologymentioning
Bladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy in the genitourinary system and the current theranostic approaches are unsatisfactory. Sensitivity and specificity of current diagnosis methods are not ideal and high recurrence and progression rates after initial treatment indicate the urgent need for management improvements in clinic. Nanotechnology has been proposed as an effective method to improve theranosis efficiency for both non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). For example, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been developed for simple, fast and sensitive urinary sample test for bladder cancer diagnosis. Nanoparticles targeting bladder cancers can facilitate to distinguish the normal and abnormal bladder tissues during cystoscopy and thus help with the complete removal of malignant lesions. Both intravenous and intravesical agents can be modified by nanotechnology for targeted delivery, high anti-tumor efficiency and excellent tolerability, exhibiting encouraging potential in bladder cancer treatment. Photosensitizers and biological agents can also be delivered by nanotechnology, intermediating phototherapy and targeted therapy. The management of bladder cancer remained almost unchanged for decades with unsatisfactory effect. However, it is likely to change with the fast-developed nanotechnology. Herein we summarized the current utility of nanotechnology in bladder cancer diagnosis and treatment, providing insights for the future designing and discovering novel nanoparticles for bladder cancer management.
Graphical Abstract
“…Advances in nanotechnology have facilitated the development of delivery systems to treat prostate-related disorders. Advantages of nanocarrier preparations include the combination of a variety of drugs, including biomacromolecule drugs; reduced degradation of unstable drugs for slow and controlled release; and increased residence time of relevant drugs to avoid frequent injections and meet the needs of prostatitis treatment (Thakur and Agrawal, 2015;Lin et al, 2021;Liu et al, 2021). More importantly, the modular design and preparation characteristics of nanotechnology endow nanomaterials with intelligent characteristics (van der Meel et al, 2019).…”
Section: Application Of Functionalized Nanomaterials In Prostatitismentioning
Prostatitis is a common disease in adult males, with characteristics of a poor treatment response and easy recurrence, which seriously affects the patientâs quality of life. The prostate is located deep in the pelvic cavity, and thus a traditional infusion or other treatment methods are unable to easily act directly on the prostate, leading to poor therapeutic effects. Therefore, the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies has become a research hotspot in the field of prostatitis treatment. In recent years, nanomaterials have been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of various infectious diseases. Nanotechnology is a promising tool for 1) the accurate diagnosis of diseases; 2) improving the targeting of drug delivery systems; 3) intelligent, controlled drug release; and 4) multimode collaborative treatment, which is expected to be applied in the diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis. Nanotechnology is attracting attention in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of prostatitis. However, as a new research area, systematic reviews on the application of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis are still lacking. In this mini-review, we will highlight the treatment approaches for and challenges associated with prostatitis and describe the advantages of functional nanoparticles in improving treatment effectiveness and overcoming side effects.
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