Powering up with indirect reciprocity in a large-scale field experiment

Yoeli, Erez; Hoffman, Moshe; Rand, David G.; Nowak, Martin A.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1301210110

Cited by 241 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Several field studies have found evidence of humans exposing a pro-social behavior when being observed by others (recently confirmed in a field experiment with 2,000 individuals [19]) and also under the presence of subtle cues of being watched. Although there are also some studies that could not find such evidence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Evolution of cooperation under social pressure in multiplex networks

Pereda

2016

Phys. Rev. E

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In this work, we aim to contribute to the understanding of the human pro-social behavior by studying the influence that a particular form of social pressure "being watched" has on the evolution of cooperative behavior. We study how cooperation emerge in multiplex complex topologies by analyzing a particular bidirectionallycoupled dynamics on top of a two-layers multiplex network (duplex). The coupled dynamics appears between the Prisoner's Dilemma game in a network, and a threshold cascade model in the other. The threshold model is intended to abstract the behavior of a network of vigilant nodes, that impose pressure of being observed altering hence the temptation to defect of the dilemma. Cooperation or defection in the game also affects the state of a node of being vigilant. We analyze these processes on different duplex networks structures and assess the influence of the topology, average degree and correlated multiplexity, on the outcome of cooperation. Interestingly, we find that the social pressure of vigilance may impact cooperation positively or negatively, depending on the duplex structure, specifically the degree correlations between layers is determinant. Our results give further quantitative insights in the promotion of cooperation under social pressure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Evolution of cooperation under social pressure in multiplex networks

Pereda

2016

Phys. Rev. E

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“…For example, a recent study has shown that reputation influenced the adoption of an energy program that actively reduced individuals' energy use during periods of high electricity demand, so to protect the entire system from blackouts. Individuals were more likely to adopt the program if their behavior could be observed by others (e.g., signing up with their names on sheets provided in communal spaces), and the effect was stronger for people living in apartment buildings, where interactions with their neighbors are more likely to occur compared to individual homes (Yoeli et al 2013). Also, people generally perceive the behavior of the majority as setting the norm for acceptable behavior.…”

Section: The Influence Of Social Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumers and their behavior: state of the art in behavioral science supporting use phase modeling in LCA and ecodesign

Sorrentino

Woelbert

Sala

2016

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose Life cycle thinking and assessment require a holistic approach to the evaluation of product supply chains. An assessment from raw material extraction to end of life of any products is based on modeling a wide number of aspects and options, e.g., at technological, geographical, and temporal levels. Since the use phase is one of the most contributing life cycle stages for some products (e.g., appliance, housing, cars), a robust modeling of this stage is fundamental. Several attempts to better modeling use-phase have been performed; however, so far no systematic study is available on how to integrate behavioral science (BS) insights into LCA. This is even more important when the impact of the product under consideration is strongly determined by the use phase relatively to other life cycle stages. The aim of this paper is to explore how behavioral science has been used to date and how BS can contribute towards more robust modeling of use phase in LCA and as basis for a behavior-driven ecodesign. Methods We identified the key areas in which LCA and ecodesign may benefit from integrating insights from behavioral science and developing a conceptual model. Both robust modeling and the design of behavior change interventions rest on a sound understanding of behavior in the specific context of interest though empirical investigation. Hence, we reviewed literature on behavioral science and introduce key drivers of human behavior that are relevant in the context of use phase modeling and ecodesign. We provide examples where these were applied to facilitate the integration of BS elements by practitioners. Results and discussion Consumer's behavior is increasingly recognized as one of the drivers of overall environmental impact of a product, and some examples of use of BS for LCA are available in literature. We suggest that behavioral science can be useful in the context of life cycle assessment in two ways: measuring behavior and assessing potential and means for changing behavior. Specifically, insights and methods from behavioral sciences could be applied for assessing variability of consumer behavior, understanding leverages for behavioral changes, and possible rebound effects. Conclusions This insight may help to model the use phase more accurately, to identify realistic scenarios, and to support behavior-driven eco-innovation.

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“…Evidence for the success of reputation-based incentives is not restricted to the lab. For example, a recent field experiment showed that a concern for good reputation can help in energy conservation, which is an important public good in the real world (Yoeli, Hoffman, Rand, and Nowak 2013).…”

Section: The Determinants Of Social Order Iii: Punishment and Other Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Prosocial Motivation and the Maintenance of Social Order

Gächter¹

2014

The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Economics and the Law

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in AbstractThis chapter presents some insights from basic behavioural research on the role of human pro-social motivation to maintain social order. I argue that social order can be conceptualised as a public good game. Past attempts to explain social order typically relied on the assumption of selfish and rational agents ("homo economicus"). The last twenty years of research in behavioural and experimental economics have challenged this view. After presenting the most important findings of recent research on human pro-sociality I discuss the evidence on three pillars of the maintenance of social order. The first pillar is internalised norms of cooperation, sustained by emotions such as guilt and shame. The second pillar is the behaviour of other people who typically are "conditional cooperators" willing to cooperate if others do so as well. This motivation can sustain cooperation if enough people cooperate but can jeopardise social order if many others follow selfish inclinations. The third pillar are sanctions meted out to anyone who does not cooperate; ideally punishment can work as a mere threat without being executed much. The chapter also presents some evidence on the cross-cultural variability of some findings, in particular with regard to punishment behaviour. The chapter concludes with remarks on future research.

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Powering up with indirect reciprocity in a large-scale field experiment

Cited by 241 publications

References 87 publications

Evolution of cooperation under social pressure in multiplex networks

Evolution of cooperation under social pressure in multiplex networks

Consumers and their behavior: state of the art in behavioral science supporting use phase modeling in LCA and ecodesign

Human Prosocial Motivation and the Maintenance of Social Order

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