Power System Frequency Response From the Control of Bitumen Tanks

Abstract

Bitumen tanks were tested to investigate the capability of industrial heating loads to provide frequency response to an electric power system. A decentralized control algorithm was developed enabling the tanks to alter their power consumption in proportion to the variations of grid frequency. The control maintains the normal operation of tanks and causes little impact on their primary function of storing hot bitumen. Field investigations were undertaken on 76 tanks with power ratings from 17 to 75 kW. A model of a population of controlled tanks was developed. The behavior of the tanks was compared between the simulations and the field tests. The model of controlled tanks was then integrated with a simplified Great Britain power system model. It was shown that the controlled tanks were able to contribute to the grid frequency control in a manner similar to and faster than that provided by frequency-sensitive generation.Index Terms-Demand response, dynamic control, electric power system, frequency response, industrial bitumen tanks, smart grid.

Dynamic Frequency Response From Controlled Domestic Heat Pumps

“…The heat pumps' control is hereafter referred to as Dynamic Frequency Control (DFC). There are still challenges to the use of DFC in large power systems as shown in papers [13] and [14]. Each type of appliance requires a different thermal model, a suitable model to represent a population of appliances connected to the system, and a different load control characteristic.…”

“…Several studies have addressed the dynamic frequency control from thermal loads such as industrial bitumen tanks in [14], and domestic refrigerators in [13] and [15]. The potential of different types of domestic loads to provide dynamic demand service was presented in [16].…”

Assessment of the Value of Frequency Response Times in Power Systems

“…(7) defines the maximum ramp-up and ramp-down rates. The model also includes energy storage units technical limitations, such as maximum and minimum energy levels (8), maximum charge/discharge capacities (9), units energy balance (10) and conservation of energy (11). The initial state of scheduling is pre-defined (i.e.…”

“…The model adopts N −1 reliability criterion. The in-feed loss level for regulating FR requirement is set to be 1320 MW [10]. This work does not consider the dead band happening in the real FR provision process.…”

Enhanced Frequency Response From Industrial Heating Loads for Electric Power Systems

“…Recently, some studies have been conducted to enable industrial heating loads to provide dynamic frequency response services. For example, a control algorithm was devised for bitumen tanks for the GB power system [30]. Similar methodology was applied to melting pots that smelt aluminum [31].…”