Power ramp rate capabilities of a 5 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell system with discrete ejector control

Nikiforow, Kaj; Pennanen, Jari; Ihonen, Jari; Uski, Sanna; Koski, Pauli

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.01.090

Cited by 43 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, very little research has been done to specifically address their potential to participate in electrical ancillary services. For future frequency balancing markets, PEM fuel cells share comparable ramping technical capabilities to electrolyzers, as it is also possible to complete active and reactive power setpoint changes within 1 second [41]. For aFRR, fuel cells could take advantage of the cheap hydrogen supplied by electrolyzers to place voluntary bids for upward regulation during periods with high settlement prices.…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling and evaluation of PEM hydrogen technologies for frequency ancillary services in future multi-energy sustainable power systems

Alshehri

Suárez

Rueda

et al. 2019

Heliyon

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This paper examines the prospect of PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) electrolyzers and fuel cells to partake in European electrical ancillary services markets. First, the current framework of ancillary services is reviewed and discussed, emphasizing the ongoing European harmonization plans for future frequency balancing markets. Next, the technical characteristics of PEM hydrogen technologies and their potential uses within the electrical power system are discussed to evaluate their adequacy to the requirements of ancillary services markets. Last, a case study based on a realistic representation of the transmission grid in the north of the Netherlands for the year 2030 is presented. The main goal of this case study is to ascertain the effectiveness of PEM electrolyzers and fuel cells for the provision of primary frequency reserves. Dynamic generic models suitable for grid simulations are developed for both technologies, including the required controllers to enable participation in ancillary services markets. The obtained results show that PEM hydrogen technologies can improve the frequency response when compared to the procurement with synchronous generators of the same reserve value. Moreover, the fast dynamics of PEM electrolyzers and fuel cells can help mitigate the negative effects attributed to the reduction of inertia in the system.

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Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling and evaluation of PEM hydrogen technologies for frequency ancillary services in future multi-energy sustainable power systems

Alshehri

Suárez

Rueda

et al. 2019

Heliyon

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“…(vii) The energy resources of MGs are dispatchable fossil fuel based and are modelled in the form of constant power factor resources (PF control) in load flow equations. These resources are often too small (less than a Megawatt), and their power variations are limited to several kW/s [18][19][20]. Thus, their power ramp rates are ignored.…”

Section: Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two‐stage market‐based service restoration method in multi‐MGs distribution networks

Alemohammad

Mashhour

Farzin

2019

IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution

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“…No doubt, clean energy technologies play a part an important role in defeating fossil fuel tiredness and global pollution. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are prime examples of these technologies for electrochemical energy conversion [1]. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered an effective variant to diesel distributed generations that can back up electricity and balance grid power.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered an effective variant to diesel distributed generations that can back up electricity and balance grid power. The key merits of these PEMFCs in power system applications are high start-up reliability, little costs for startup, low carbon emissions, rapid reaction to demand changes, and quiet operation [1][2][3][4][5]. For these reasons, the hydrogen-fueled cars on the global market have been fed by PEMFCs, where they participate in about 90% of fuel cell research and development [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Estimation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Parameter Based on Coyote Optimization Algorithm

et al. 2021

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In recent years, the penetration of fuel cells in distribution systems is significantly increased worldwide. The fuel cell is considered an electrochemical energy conversion component. It has the ability to convert chemical to electrical energies as well as heat. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen as fuel. It is a low-temperature type that uses a noble metal catalyst, such as platinum, at reaction sites. The optimal modeling of PEM fuel cells improves the cell performance in different applications of the smart microgrid. Extracting the optimal parameters of the model can be achieved using an efficient optimization technique. In this line, this paper proposes a novel swarm-based algorithm called coyote optimization algorithm (COA) for finding the optimal parameter of PEM fuel cell as well as PEM stack. The sum of square deviation between measured voltages and the optimal estimated voltages obtained from the COA algorithm is minimized. Two practical PEM fuel cells including 250 W stack and Ned Stack PS6 are modeled to validate the capability of the proposed algorithm under different operating conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed COA is demonstrated through the comparison with four optimizers considering the same conditions. The final estimated results and statistical analysis show a significant accuracy of the proposed method. These results emphasize the ability of COA to estimate the parameters of the PEM fuel cell model more precisely.

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Power ramp rate capabilities of a 5 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell system with discrete ejector control

Cited by 43 publications

References 15 publications

Modelling and evaluation of PEM hydrogen technologies for frequency ancillary services in future multi-energy sustainable power systems

Modelling and evaluation of PEM hydrogen technologies for frequency ancillary services in future multi-energy sustainable power systems

Two‐stage market‐based service restoration method in multi‐MGs distribution networks

Optimal Estimation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Parameter Based on Coyote Optimization Algorithm

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Power ramp rate capabilities of a 5 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell system with discrete ejector control

Cited by 43 publications

References 15 publications

Modelling and evaluation of PEM hydrogen technologies for frequency ancillary services in future multi-energy sustainable power systems

Modelling and evaluation of PEM hydrogen technologies for frequency ancillary services in future multi-energy sustainable power systems

Two‐stage market‐based service restoration method in multi‐MGs distribution networks

Optimal Estimation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Parameter Based on Coyote Optimization Algorithm

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Power ramp rate capabilities of a 5 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell system with discrete ejector control