Power-Aware Computing Systems on FPGAs: A Survey

Akgun, Gokhan; Ali, Mohammad; Göhringer, Diana

doi:10.1109/fpl53798.2021.00016

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…A recent survey gives an overview of power-saving strategies for reconfigurable systems. We refer the reader to [30] for more information. However, power gating is unsuitable for real-time applications, and the system should not scale voltage below the threshold.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploration of Power-Savings on Multi-Core Architectures With Offloaded Real-Time Operating System

Akgün,

Kolarov,

Kalberlah

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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A Real-time Operating System (RTOS) manages the execution order of tasks with a scheduling algorithm to meet timing requirements. The scheduler frequently checks for ready tasks during context-switching. However, high task numbers can cause longer processing time in this routine. RTOSs are mainly implemented in software, but reconfigurable computing enables offloading to reduce, e.g., the processing time of context-switching. On the other hand, optimizing the energy efficiency of running applications is desirable. Power-saving techniques allow adapting current dissipation to required operating conditions. However, unplanned use can lead to missed deadlines in real-time applications. Therefore, real-time capability and energy efficiency have to be appropriately balanced. This work explores the impact of power-saving techniques on real-time requirements while supporting RTOS with offloading methodologies. A mapping strategy assigns tasks to Processing Elements (PEs) based on task dependency, inter-task/processor communication, and power consumption metrics. A multi-core architecture is designed with a Network-on-Chip (NoC) and four PEs in a 2D-mesh topology. The master PE manages the system architecture, executes the mapping strategy, and dynamically scales voltage to reduce power consumption while running an RTOS. The task scheduling is offloaded to the co-processor. On the other hand, each slave PE executes assigned tasks with an RTOS and performs an inter-task/processor communication. The task scheduling here runs on the reconfigurable hardware. Each slave PE locally adapts power with frequency scaling and clock gating. The experimental results show that co-processor offloading reduces scheduling overhead by 26.58%, and hardware offloading reduces it by 33.33%. Additionally, the proposed solution has reduced overall power by 47.27% and energy consumption by 89.47%. INDEX TERMSDynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Multi-core Architecture, Power Management, Real-time Operating System (RTOS)

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploration of Power-Savings on Multi-Core Architectures With Offloaded Real-Time Operating System

Akgün,

Kolarov,

Kalberlah

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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“…This technique was used in [352] to design a heterogeneous integrated circuit composed of an always-on ultra-low-power MCU for power management and reduced wake-up time and a general- purpose MCU, with higher computational capabilities, for communication, processing, and sensing. Notice that the additional logic required for implementing power and clock gating techniques increases circuit complexity, cost, clock signal delays, and EC [353].…”

Section: ) Energy Management and Forecastingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-Sustainable IoT Connectivity: Vision, Technological Enablers, Challenges, and Future Directions

López,

Rosabal,

Ruiz-Guirola

et al. 2023

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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Technology solutions must effectively balance economic growth, social equity, and environmental integrity to achieve a sustainable society. Notably, although the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm constitutes a key sustainability enabler, critical issues such as the increasing maintenance operations, energy consumption, and manufacturing/disposal of IoT devices have long-term negative economic, societal, and environmental impacts and must be efficiently addressed. This calls for self-sustainable IoT ecosystems requiring minimal external resources and intervention, effectively utilizing renewable energy sources, and recycling materials whenever possible, thus encompassing energy sustainability. In this work, we focus on energy-sustainable IoT during the operation phase, although our discussions sometimes extend to other sustainability aspects and IoT lifecycle phases. Specifically, we provide a fresh look at energysustainable IoT and identify energy provision, transfer, and energy efficiency as the three main energyrelated processes whose harmonious coexistence pushes toward realizing self-sustainable IoT systems. Their main related technologies, recent advances, challenges, and research directions are also discussed. Moreover, we overview relevant performance metrics to assess the energy-sustainability potential of a certain technique, technology, device, or network, together with target values for the next generation of wireless systems, and discuss protocol, integration, and implementation issues. Overall, this paper offers insights that are valuable for advancing sustainability goals for present and future generations.

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