Poverty, wealth inequality and financial inclusion among castes in Hindu and Muslim communities in Uttar Pradesh, India

Tiwari, Chhavi; Goli, Srinivas; Siddiqui, Mohammad Zahid; Salve, Pradeep S.

doi:10.1002/jid.3626

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…In the Indian context, studies by Kumar (2013), Karthick and Madheswaran (2018), Kumar and Venkatachalam (2019) and Rao (2018) found evidence of caste-based discrimination in farmer's access to bank credit in rural India. Tiwari et al. (2022) record this evidence at the household level in the state of Uttar Pradesh.…”

Section: Methodology and Datamentioning

confidence: 87%

What influences village-level access to a bank branch? Evidence from India

Garg

Gupta

2023

IJBM

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PurposeFinancial access is key to achieving several economic goals in developing countries. This paper aims to construct a longitudinal village-level measure of financial access in India and understand the role of RBI's policies and village characteristics in influencing the access.Design/methodology/approachThe authors adopt a spatial approach in developing a metric of financial access. In particular, they measure the distance of each unbanked village in India to the nearest banked-centre from 1951 to 2019. The authors use this measure to conduct two exercises. First, a descriptive study is undertaken to assess how RBI's policies on bank branch expansion from 1951 to 2019 influenced the proximity to bank branches. Second, the authors conduct regression analyses to investigate how socio-economic and demographic characteristics of villages influence their proximity to bank branches.FindingsThe average distance of an unbanked village to the nearest banked-centre has declined from 43.5 km in 1951 to 4.2 km in 2019. The gain in bank access has varied geographically and over time. In 2001, bank branches were relatively distant from villages with under-privileged caste groups and proximate to areas with better infrastructure. This relationship worsened after 2005 when RBI introduced liberalized branch expansion policies. By 2019, proximity responds much more adversely to the presence of underprivileged groups. At the same time, banks have moved closer to economically better-off villages and villages with workforce in non-farm enterprises rather than agriculture.Originality/valueFirst, studies in the Indian context focus on state-level determinants of bank branching, this is the first study to develop a longitudinal measure of financial access at the village level. This helps to understand spatial heterogeneity in bank branch access within states, which other studies are unable to do. Second, the paper analyses the role of village-level socio-economic and demographic characteristics in proximity to bank branches. This analysis helps in discovering micro-foundations of growth of bank branch network. The granularity of the approach adopted here overcomes the confoundedness problems that the studies at a more aggregate level face.

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Section: Methodology and Datamentioning

confidence: 87%

What influences village-level access to a bank branch? Evidence from India

Garg

Gupta

2023

IJBM

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“…However, this study has not disaggregated the UP based on regions. Tiwari (2014), using the Kakwani and Pernia (2000) decomposition method, found a positive effect of growth on poverty reduction in the central region during 2004-2005 to 2011-2012. However, our study differs from this; first, based on the method and second, based on regional classification.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors have found some aggregate-level studies on poverty in UP (Arora & Singh, 2017; Dubey et al, 2017; Mishra & Singh, 2020; Ojha, 2007; Pathak, 2010) and a few disaggregated studies (Pathak, 2010; Tiwari, 2014). However, there is a limitation to these disaggregated studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…UP has undergone significant administrative changes in the form of carving out the new state of Uttarakhand from UP in November 2000. Pathak (2010) and Tiwari (2014) have dropped the 'Himalayan' region from the erstwhile UP to compare it with the divided UP. While these are excellent academic works providing strict comparability among the four common regions of UP over a long period, the current policy relevance is moot.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Poverty Changes Among Regions of Uttar Pradesh: A Decomposition Exercise During the 2000s

Sahoo,

Singh,

Pathak

2023

The Indian Economic Journal

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This article examines the disparities in poverty among the regions of Uttar Pradesh during the 2000s through a poverty decomposition exercise. While the poverty reduction from 2004–2005 to 2011–2012 is faster in the northern and southern upper Ganga plain, the reduction is slower in the eastern and southern regions. The poverty headcount ratio increases for the central region. While eastern and southern regions have higher real Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) growth than the state average, the lower poverty elasticity in these regions caused slower poverty reduction. The southern and northern upper Ganga plain have high poverty elasticity causing a faster poverty reduction. This study finds that Uttar Pradesh’s central region faces a critical problem with increased Head-Count Ratio and declining MPCE. The differential change in poverty among the regions has also been analysed using the occupational pattern and landholding distribution among regions, both rural and urban areas. JEL Codes: R32, R11, R12

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“…This is unlikely to be the case because if this were true, we would expect to see a similar level of outcomes among Dalit SPs as well since the incidence of poverty is similar among both communities. A study in Uttar Pradesh (the state adjoining Bihar with which it shares a lot of socioeconomic characteristics) reported that the rural poverty rates for Hindu Dalits and Muslim Dalits was 51.9 and 52.5 respectively [41].…”

Section: Threats To Validitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Essays in Policy Analysis Among Vulnerable Populations

2023

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This dissertation focuses on three distinct issues among vulnerable populations using three different methodologies. All three essays make contributions to their respective literature but taken together, the dissertation also provides a blueprint for an approach that uses innovative methodologies to engage with complex issues while also working intimately with and in the communities of interest. This dissertation would have been impossible without the timely and unwavering help of the entire field research team and a special thank you to Jagdish and Alron who spent many a sleepless night alongside me in Bihar during the course of fieldwork.I believe the primary purpose of the pursuit of knowledge should be to move us ever closer to kindness. I hope that this dissertation is a small step in that direction and for that opportunity, I have only the deepest of gratitude to the universe, the greatest teacher of them all. vi

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Poverty, wealth inequality and financial inclusion among castes in Hindu and Muslim communities in Uttar Pradesh, India

Cited by 14 publications

References 50 publications

What influences village-level access to a bank branch? Evidence from India

What influences village-level access to a bank branch? Evidence from India

Poverty Changes Among Regions of Uttar Pradesh: A Decomposition Exercise During the 2000s

Three Essays in Policy Analysis Among Vulnerable Populations

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