Poverty in Rural Areas : an Outline of the Problem

Abstract

This article is an attempt to determine the level of poverty in rural areas in Poland. The author reviewed the most important publications on poverty and the indicators that determine its scale. Relative, objective and subjective poverty lines were used to present the range of rural poverty against the background of total poverty. Analyses showed that the at-risk-of-poverty rate for rural areas in Poland amounted to 21.2%. This means that almost every fifth rural resident is at risk of poverty, whereas every tenth resident is at risk of extreme poverty. The article also presents the rural areas in Poland which are at the highest risk of social exclusion. These areas were distinguished on the basis of the number of registered families receiving social benefits. Both Eurostat (EU-SILC) and Local Data Bank of the Statistics Poland (BDL GUS) were used.

Polarization of Living Standards among Administrative Units Engaged in Cross-Border Cooperation—The Example of Polish Municipalities of Euroregion Baltic

“…The The second major finding of this analysis was the demonstrated polarization of living standards, demonstrated by the small size of the first and second clusters and the abundance of municipalities in the last, fourth cluster. It appears that this state of affairs will be difficult to change: rural municipalities, situated away from the main urban centers due to limited endogenous potential are at risk of experiencing a widening regional gap [106] (p. 191), [107] (p. 77). Conversely, the municipalities that ranked the highest due to This means that the four-group classification of municipalities according to their synthetic value of the standard of living for 2019 (Table 3) differs from their hierarchical grouping (Figure 8).…”

The Effectiveness of Poverty Reduction Measures in Peri-Urban Areas of Zimbabwe: Case of Mutasa South Peri-Urban

“…Poverty has multiple dimensions: financial, economic, material, social, environmental and seasonal (Gweshengwe and Hassan 2020;Kalinowski 2020;Chambers 2012). The financial dimension implies deprivation in terms of income, savings and access to loans from formal financial institutions (Kalinowski and Wyduba 2021;Gweshengwe and Hassan 2019;Banerjee 2016;Sen 1999).…”

“…The financial dimension implies deprivation in terms of income, savings and access to loans from formal financial institutions (Kalinowski and Wyduba 2021;Gweshengwe and Hassan 2019;Banerjee 2016;Sen 1999). The economic dimension includes a lack of employment and entrepreneurial opportunities, natural resources (land, water, forestry products), physical capital (markets and infrastructure) as well as human capital (being educated, skilled and healthy) (Gweshengwe and Hassan 2020;Kalinowski 2020;Brand 2002). The material dimension refers to undesirable living conditions caused by a lack of essential material goods and services, such as housing, means of transport, clothing, televisions, furniture, utilities, amenities and communication (Chambers 2012;Gordon 2010).…”

The Socioeconomic Integration of People in Need of International Protection: A Spatial Approach in the Case of Greece

“…The implementation of effective refugee integration practices is of particular interest to Greece since following the results of the research conducted by Łuczak and Kalinowski (2020), it is among the EU member states with a high level of material deprivation making social exclusion an immediate issue to be addressed. Furthermore, Kalinowski (2021) provided evidence that the at-risk-of-poverty rate of EU member states which joined the Union before 2004 is higher and residents in rural areas have a higher poverty risk than residents of cities. In this context, the challenge for the Greek regions becomes obvious.…”