Potentials and challenges of phosphorus recovery as vivianite from wastewater: A review

Phosphate substances transformation and vivianite formation in P-Fe containing sludge during the transition process of aerobic and anaerobic conditions

“…Finally, the ORP and pH of cell 1–4 stabilized at around at −350 mV and 7.5, respectively ( Fig. 1 a, b), which was exactly consistent with the formation conditions of vivianite ( Wu et al, 2019a ). Most of aerobic P-Fe containing sludge was entrapped by cell 1 because of the refluxing in the baffle reactor.…”

“…The recovery of phosphate from struvite is generally considered as a promising approach, but the recovery rate is relatively low ( Zhang et al, 2020a ). The struvite is typically recovered in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR), but the start-up of EBPR process may be difficult because it requires strict operating conditions and is often affected by poor operating stability ( Li et al, 2018 , Wu et al, 2019a ).…”

Phosphorus recovery and recycling – closing the loop

“…Although there is a recent increase in research into vivianite, it remains an iron phosphate which is not directly compatible with the mainstream fertilizer industry; more research is required for this to become a widespread strategy in industry. 46 Kemira's Vivimag process aims to leach phosphate from vivianite, to yield a fertilizer precursor and iron salts for re-use in wastewater treatment.…”

Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA)—Potential and Perspective in Poland

“…Moreover, the inclusion of P resources onto the CRMs list should have stimulated development of methods and technologies for P recovery from internal waste resources [9]. The most promising secondary sources of P are wastes produced in the municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) [18], wherein the P recovery potential appears at various stages of waste processing [19], as effluent from the treatment station, leachate (sedimentary liquid) [20,21], sewage sludge (SS) [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and sewage sludge ash (SSA) [29,30]. In each of the subsequent waste treatment processes, the volume of substrate used for the P recovery is getting smaller, but the concentration of this element per unit volume is increasing [31].…”