Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA)—Potential and Perspective in Poland

Smol, Marzena; Adam, Christian; Kugler, Stefan Anton

doi:10.3390/en13205461

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Products from waste must meet specific requirements in order to be placed on the market (depending on the specific requirements of a given sector/product) [35]. More and more companies and scientists deal with the development of products that meet certain quality requirements [55][56][57][58][59], which in the context of potential commercialization may lead to an increase in the recognition of Polish solutions and products on European and world markets. There are also many concerns about the waste that has been in contact with people infected with coronavirus (including municipal and medical waste).…”

Section: Social Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers and Barriers for a Circular Economy (CE) Implementation in Poland—A Case Study of Raw Materials Recovery Sector

2021

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Mobilizing industry and transforming industrial sectors to a circular economy (CE) is one of the key areas of activities in the European Green Deal (EGD)—the newest strategy of economic growth in European Union (EU). In the CE, the raw materials that can be recovered from various waste streams play a key role, therefore, recommendations for their management were developed, both at the European and national level. In Poland, the raw material recovery sector is one of the strategic sectors (key industries) described in several documents determining the further directions of economic growth in the country. This paper presents the revision of these documents and guidelines for the implementation of the CE in the raw material recovery sector. The scope of the paper also includes a description of the current state of the raw materials recovery sector and its return, supported by the analysis of drivers and barriers in its further development. In previous years, a dynamic development of the recovery industry was observed, followed by formation of new companies (dominated by medium-sized companies comprising ~50% of entities in the sector) and increasing amount of people employed (~70,700 people). A growing level of processing of secondary raw materials with the use of more and more innovative technologies has been observed, which could contribute to the improvement of the level of innovation of the national economy. There also some barriers, such as the lack of sufficiently developed industrial symbiosis (IS) and long-term support for the implementation of recovery technologies. The growing ecological awareness of society and enterprises themselves, as well as the growing belief in the importance of resource recovery for environmental protection, suggest the possibility of subsequent development of the raw materials recovery sector. Further actions in this field will be taken to strengthen the implementation of the CE in the country.

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Section: Social Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers and Barriers for a Circular Economy (CE) Implementation in Poland—A Case Study of Raw Materials Recovery Sector

2021

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“…In the present study, the main raw material for recycled fertilizers was SSA. Although direct use of unprocessed SSA in agriculture is legally limited [119,120], it is recommended to produce fertilizers based on new SSA processing technologies that result in concentrated and pure fertilizer products [43,121]. To date, however, there are still few studies on SSA and SSA-based fertilizers in the context of their effect on PTE accumulation in usable/consumable plant parts [118,122,123].…”

Section: Wheat Grain and Strawmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, post-treatment is usually necessary in order to increase plant availability and to remove PTE [36]. There are several modern technologies for P recovery from SSA, such as thermo-chemical, acidic wet-chemical leaching, thermo-electric, and acidic wet-chemical extraction, which remove PTE from SSA or reduce their content to an acceptable level [43]. Finally, the PTE content in SSA varies widely depending on the sludge origins and treatment options [43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several modern technologies for P recovery from SSA, such as thermo-chemical, acidic wet-chemical leaching, thermo-electric, and acidic wet-chemical extraction, which remove PTE from SSA or reduce their content to an acceptable level [43]. Finally, the PTE content in SSA varies widely depending on the sludge origins and treatment options [43]. For example, the thermochemically treated SSA from various plants of municipal sewage sludge combustion in Poland, tested by Smol et al [43], contained 4.8-22.7 mg•kg −1 As, 0.9-2.8 mg•kg −1 Cd, 99.0-547.4 mg•kg −1 Cr, 32.8-49.6 mg•kg −1 Cu, <0.05 mg•kg −1 Hg, 48.9-491.4 mg•kg −1 Ni, 10.2-73.1 mg•kg −1 Pb, and 1072.8-4459.9 mg•kg −1 Zn, and met the Polish norms for trace elements covered by the legislation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the PTE content in SSA varies widely depending on the sludge origins and treatment options [43]. For example, the thermochemically treated SSA from various plants of municipal sewage sludge combustion in Poland, tested by Smol et al [43], contained 4.8-22.7 mg•kg −1 As, 0.9-2.8 mg•kg −1 Cd, 99.0-547.4 mg•kg −1 Cr, 32.8-49.6 mg•kg −1 Cu, <0.05 mg•kg −1 Hg, 48.9-491.4 mg•kg −1 Ni, 10.2-73.1 mg•kg −1 Pb, and 1072.8-4459.9 mg•kg −1 Zn, and met the Polish norms for trace elements covered by the legislation. The production of fertilizers in the P extraction processes from SSA is recommended [43], followed by a holistic evaluation of their effects in field conditions [44].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do New-Generation Recycled Phosphorus Fertilizers Increase the Content of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil and Plants?

et al. 2021

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Phosphorus (P)-rich secondary raw materials can provide a valuable base for modern mineral fertilizers, provided that the new formulations do not load the soil–plant system with potentially toxic elements. Fertilizers from sewage sludge ash (SSA) and/or animal bones, activated by phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium or Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans), were tested in field experiments in north-eastern Poland. The reference provided treatments with superphosphate and treatment without phosphorus fertilization. In one experiment, all P-fertilizers were applied at a P dose of 21 kg·ha−1, and in the other three experiments, three P doses were adopted: 17.6, 26.4, and 35.2 kg·ha−1. The effect of recycled fertilizers on the content of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in the soil, in wheat grain and straw (test plant), weeds, and post-harvest residues was investigated. The application of recycled fertilizers in P amounts up to 35.2 kg·ha−1 did not change the As, Cr, Ni, Cu, or Zn contents in the soil and plant biomass. The contents of these elements in soil were below the permissible levels for arable land in Poland. Their concentrations in wheat grain and straw did not exceed the permissible or suggested limits for plant material to be used for food and feed, while in the weed and post-harvest residue biomass, they usually fell within the biological plant variability ranges.

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Polyacrylonitrile‐based porous polymer spheres and their conversion to N‐doped carbon materials for adsorption and electrocatalysis

Gao,

Sanjuán,

Hagemann

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Because of their tunable porosity and specific surface area, porous materials are of high interest for the purification of wastewater by adsorption as well as in electrocatalysis, where, in particular, developing metal‐free carbon‐based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is researched. The carbon spheres presented here can meet these two requirements simultaneously. Porous polyacrylonitrile (PAN) spheres were firstly prepared by droplet shaping cum nonsolvent induced phase separation. Then, they were converted to nitrogen‐doped carbon spheres by two‐step carbonization via preoxidation and pyrolysis. During the pyrolysis step, carbon dioxide was used to reopen the pores of the materials that had been blocked after the preoxidation step. By this way, specific surface area values of carbon spheres of more than 1000 m2/g could be obtained. Best performing carbon materials (C#3) showed high adsorption capacity (e.g., 296 mg/g for methyl orange at solute equilibrium concentration of 24 mg/L in water). The XPS analysis revealed that only quaternary (N‐Q) and pyridinic (N‐6) nitrogen sites were found in these carbon spheres. The best ORR performance was found also for C#3 carbon spheres, with a potential of 0.81 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) at −1 mA/cm2 and electron transfer number of 3.5 at 0.6–0.8 V versus RHE, as determined by rotating disk or rotating ring disk electrode tests. In conclusion, all results confirm that these PAN‐derived carbon spheres are potentially valuable materials for both wastewater treatment by adsorption and electrocatalytic oxygen reduction.

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Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA)—Potential and Perspective in Poland

Cited by 22 publications

References 48 publications

Drivers and Barriers for a Circular Economy (CE) Implementation in Poland—A Case Study of Raw Materials Recovery Sector

Drivers and Barriers for a Circular Economy (CE) Implementation in Poland—A Case Study of Raw Materials Recovery Sector

Do New-Generation Recycled Phosphorus Fertilizers Increase the Content of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil and Plants?

Polyacrylonitrile‐based porous polymer spheres and their conversion to N‐doped carbon materials for adsorption and electrocatalysis

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