Potentially toxic elements in the Middle East oldest oil refinery zone soils: source apportionment, speciation, bioaccessibility and human health risk assessment

Mokhtarzadeh, Zeinab; Keshavarzi, Behnam; Moore, Farid; Marsan, Franco Ajmone; Padoan, Elio

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-09895-7

Cited by 36 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…The enrichment of the HMs was quantified using the modified enrichment factor (MEF) given by Eq. ( 1 ) 33 , 34 : where C i and C ref are the concentration of the target (usually concentration of HMs in the polluted samples) and reference elements (mean concentration of HMs in the control samples) respectively 33 . T results were classified in accordance with 33 where EF (< 2) values corresponds to minimal enrichment, values (2–5) = moderate enrichment, (5–20) = significant enrichment, (20–40) = very high enrichment and values (> 40) = extremely high enrichment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…( 2 ). The MPI presents convenient and reliable method of assessing the degree or amount of contamination of a given sample of soil using the MEF values 33 . …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pollution Evaluation Modified Enrichment Factor (Mef)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monte Carlo approach to risks assessment of heavy metals at automobile spare part and recycling market in Ilorin, Nigeria

Orosun

Adewuyi

Salawu

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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This study evaluates the sources and health risks associated with heavy metals in Ipata spare part market in Ilorin, Nigeria. Soil and water samples were collected within and outside the market for heavy metal (As, Pb, Mg, Mn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe and Ag) analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The results indicate that all the heavy metals analyzed show higher concentration within the recycling market than the control location. The concentration of heavy metals at the market decreases with an increasing depth between 0 and 50 cm and appears to be stable below 50 cm of the soil depth. All the Hazard Indices (HI) estimated for the soil samples are less than one (< 1) which is the standard set by USEPA, whereas, the Hazard Index (HI) for the water samples within the station is greater than 1. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) for soil samples ranged from level I to level V, while that of water samples ranged from level VI to Level VII based on Delphii method of classification. This shows that the main lifetime cancer risk occurs through the water exposure pathway. Similarly, according to the mean, P5% and P95% cumulative probability using the Monte Carlo simulation, the ILCR is above the acceptable range of 1.00E−6 and 1.00E−4. All the pollution indices reveal that the significant pollution at the park is more of anthropogenic than pedogenic and lithogenic. Therefore, the market is contributing immensely to environmental pollution which may lead to unforeseen danger to human health.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…( 2 ). The MPI presents convenient and reliable method of assessing the degree or amount of contamination of a given sample of soil using the MEF values 33 . …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pollution Evaluation Modified Enrichment Factor (Mef)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monte Carlo approach to risks assessment of heavy metals at automobile spare part and recycling market in Ilorin, Nigeria

Orosun

Adewuyi

Salawu

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Source apportionment can not only determine the main pollution sources, but also quantify the contribution of pollution sources [10]. At present, the most common source-apportionment methods for heavy metals include the chemical mass balance (CMB) model [26], positive matrix factor (PMF) model [27], UNMIX model [28], the absolute principle-component scores multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model [29], etc. The PMF model recommended by EPA can guarantee non-negative factor distribution and contribution and deal with the missing and inaccurate values [12]; therefore, it is extensively used in the quantitative apportionment of pollutant sources [30,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Soils from Handan City

et al. 2021

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Soil-heavy metals are potentially harmful to the ecosystem and human health. Quantifying heavy metals sources is conducive to pollution control. In this study, 64 surface-soil samples were collected in Handan city. Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined; then, their spatial distribution in the sampling area was drawn by ArcGIS. The pollution index (PI) method, geo-accumulation index (Igeo) method, Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) and pollution load index (PLI) were used to evaluate the pollution level of heavy metals in surface soil; then, an ecological and health risk assessment of soil-heavy metals was carried out. Combined with the spatial distribution, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, PCA and PMF model, the pollution sources of heavy metals in soil were identified and apportioned. The results showed that the average content of Cd was nearly ten times that of the background limit, which was the most serious among the studied metals. In terms of non-carcinogenic risk, Cr had the highest value, followed by Pb. In terms of carcinogenic risk, Cd, Cr, and Ni had an acceptable or tolerable risk. Three pollution sources were identified by cluster analysis and PCA, including traffic sources with Cu, Pb and Cd as main loads, industrial sources with Mn, Cd and Zn as main loads, and natural sources with Cr and Ni as main loads. The PMF model analyzed three main factors: traffic source (17.61%), natural source (28.62%) and industrial source (53.77%). The source categories and the main load elements obtained from the source apportionment results were consistent with the source identification results.

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“…Mining activities have had a considerable role in the pollution of the environment and are one of the most important point-source of soil and water contamination (García-Carmona et al 2017;Zhu et al 2019). In particular, metal mining can cause serious health risks as metals are usually toxic at low concentrations and not degradable, thus remaining in soil and water environments for long periods (Alloway 2013;Langård 2015;Padoan et al 2019;Rafiee et al 2020;Mokhtarzadeh et al 2020).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Release of Zinc and Cadmium From Mine-Affected Soils Under Flooding, a Mesocosm Study

Padoan

Kath

Vahl

et al. 2020

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Metal-contaminated mining soils pose serious environmental and health risks if not properly managed, especially in mountainous areas, which are more susceptible to perturbation. Currently, climate change is leading to more frequent and intense rain events, which cause flooding episodes, thereby altering soil redox equilibria and contaminants stability. We evaluated the potential release of Zn and Cd (two of the most common inorganic contaminants) and the factors regulating their solubility and speciation in two heavily contaminated soils representative of a Zn-mining area. The soils were flooded under aerobic (for 24 h) and anaerobic (for 62 days) conditions using mesocosm experiments, sequential extractions, and geochemical modelling. Leaching trials under aerobic conditions showed a high release of Zn and Cd (10 times the legislative limits), with metals possibly migrating via water infiltration or runoff. Under anaerobic conditions Zn and Cd were initially released. Then, solution concentrations decreased gradually (Zn) or sharply (Cd) until the end of the experiment. Sequential extractions and multisurface modelling indicated that both metals precipitated mainly as carbonates. This was confirmed by a geochemical multisurface modelling, which also predicted the formation of sulphides after 60 days in one soil. The model calculated metals to be preferentially complexed by organic matter and well predicted the observed soil solution concentrations. The results showed that during flooding episodes contaminants could be promptly transferred to other environmental compartments. The use of multisurface modelling coupled with laboratory experiments provided useful indications on the potential release and speciation in case of anoxic conditions.

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Potentially toxic elements in the Middle East oldest oil refinery zone soils: source apportionment, speciation, bioaccessibility and human health risk assessment

Cited by 36 publications

References 109 publications

Monte Carlo approach to risks assessment of heavy metals at automobile spare part and recycling market in Ilorin, Nigeria

Monte Carlo approach to risks assessment of heavy metals at automobile spare part and recycling market in Ilorin, Nigeria

Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Soils from Handan City

Potential Release of Zinc and Cadmium From Mine-Affected Soils Under Flooding, a Mesocosm Study

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