This study evaluates the sources and health risks associated with heavy metals in Ipata spare part market in Ilorin, Nigeria. Soil and water samples were collected within and outside the market for heavy metal (As, Pb, Mg, Mn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe and Ag) analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The results indicate that all the heavy metals analyzed show higher concentration within the recycling market than the control location. The concentration of heavy metals at the market decreases with an increasing depth between 0 and 50 cm and appears to be stable below 50 cm of the soil depth. All the Hazard Indices (HI) estimated for the soil samples are less than one (< 1) which is the standard set by USEPA, whereas, the Hazard Index (HI) for the water samples within the station is greater than 1. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) for soil samples ranged from level I to level V, while that of water samples ranged from level VI to Level VII based on Delphii method of classification. This shows that the main lifetime cancer risk occurs through the water exposure pathway. Similarly, according to the mean, P5% and P95% cumulative probability using the Monte Carlo simulation, the ILCR is above the acceptable range of 1.00E−6 and 1.00E−4. All the pollution indices reveal that the significant pollution at the park is more of anthropogenic than pedogenic and lithogenic. Therefore, the market is contributing immensely to environmental pollution which may lead to unforeseen danger to human health.
Magnetic susceptibility measurement was carried out on 26 top-soil samples randomly collected from the study area and 5 selected top-soil samples outside the station, using the Bartington MS meter linked to a computer operated using Multisus2 software. The Measurements was done at both low (0.47 kHz) and high (4.7 kHz) frequency susceptibilities which was further used to calculate the frequency dependent susceptibility (Χ FD ). The values for low frequency mass magnetic susceptibility ranges between 96.6×10 −5 m 3 kg −1 and 146×10 −5 m 3 kg −1 with an average value of 117.35×10 −5 m 3 kg −1 and standard deviation of 12.22×10 −5 m 3 kg −1 . The result reveal high magnetic susceptibility values at the station compared with the values observed outside the station which ranges between 53.0×10 −5 m 3 kg −1 and 72.3×10 −5 m 3 kg −1 with an average value of 63.2×10 −5 m 3 kg −1 and standard deviation of 7.01×10 −5 m 3 kg −1 . This significant magnetic enhancement indicates high concentration of ferrimagnetic minerals in the soil and thus evidence of pollution due to the activities at the station which implies that the magnetic enhancement is of anthropogenic source than pedogenic and lithogenic. Analysis of the heavy metals also reveals higher values at the station. The correlation analysis between the mass specific magnetic susceptibility and the heavy metals concentrations (i.e. Cu (R=0.92), Fe (R=0.88), Cr (R=0.85), Zn (R=0.83), Cd (R=0.79), Mg (R=0.72), Mn (R=0.60), Pb (R=0.67)) which was conducted to further investigate the relationship between the soil magnetic susceptibility values and elemental variations, demonstrated magnetic susceptibility can be used as a proxy method for assessing the pollution of these heavy metals.There is no funding received for this research work. ORCID iDsMuyiwa Michael Orosun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-3345 Naheem Banji Salawu https:/ /orcid.org/0000-0001-5089-2359 Louis Hitler https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0286-2865 ReferencesAyoubi S and Adman V 2019 Iron mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility of soils developed on various rocks in western Iran Clay and Clay Minerals. 67 217-27 Ayoubi S and Karami M 2019 Pedotransfer functions for predicting heavy metals in natural soils using magnetic measures and soil properties J. Geochem. Explor. 197 212-9 Beget J E, Stone D B and Hawkins D B 1990 Paleoclimatic forcing of magnetic susceptibility variation in alaskan loess during the late quaternary Geology 18 40-3 Blundell A, Dearing J A, Boyle J F and Hannam J A 2009 Controlling factors for the spatial variability of soil magnetic susceptibility across England and Wales Earth Sci. Rev. 95 158-88 Brempong F, Mariam Q and Preko K 2016 The use of magnetic susceptibility measurements to determine pollution of agricultural soils in road proximity Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10 263-71 Caggiano R, Coppola R, Di Leo S, Macchiato M and Ragosta M 2005 Comparison between in situ soil magnetic susceptibility measurements and heavy metal concentrations: the case of the...
The Middle Niger Basin is located within the west-central half of Nigeria, as a NW-SE trending Campano-Maastrichtian depo-centre which extends from the southern end of the Sokoto Basin west of Kainji reservoir southwestwards to the convergence of the Benue and Niger Rivers at Lokoja. The aeromagnetic anomaly data of the Middle Niger Basin was interpreted to characterize the structural architecture and depth to the magnetic basement of the basin. This is to expand the current knowledge of the region. The analysis of the data has been facilitated by the application of derivative and source parameter imaging techniques. The results from the application of total gradient to the aeromagnetic data provided here signify a rift origin of the basin and NW-SE trending fault systems in the surrounding basement complex terrain. The absence of magnetic highs on the first vertical derivative of the reduced-to-pole aeromagnetic data reveals lack of volcanic rocks within the sedimentary layers of the basin. Additionally, the consistent NW-SE trending source parameter imaging depth solutions within the basin confirm the internal geometry and NW-SE orientation of the basin with sediments not more than 1100 m thick.
This study aims at estimating depths and boundaries of magnetic source bodies, in order to provide an indirect insight into subsurface geologic features within Danko area of Kebbi state. The study area is located within low magnetic latitude. Hence, the total magnetic intensity anomaly map was reduced to the magnetic equator. This is to center magnetic anomalies over their respective magnetic source bodies, which equally makes the interpretation of sources easier. Matched filtering of the reduced-to-equator (RTE) magnetic anomaly map indicates that the anomalies could be represented by two equivalent layers with some additional noise. The estimated mean depths of burial for the regional and residual sources are 1000 m and 500 m, respectively. Horizontal gradient magnitude and tilt derivative methods carried out on the RTE aeromagnetic anomaly map facilitated the identification of two distinct geologic trends bounded by a prominent fault suspected to be the documented Yelwa fault. Furthermore, the analytic signal map showed magnetic basement depth values between 50 and 900 m with an average value of 475 m, indicating a compelling alignment of results with the 500 m depth value for the residual matched filter layer. Several mineral occurrences have been found within the outcropping basement rocks of the study area. Hence, the combined appraisal of source edge locations and magnetic basement depth estimates offers useful information of the underlying basement configuration, which is highly essential for mineral exploration targets that are mostly obscured by regolith cover.
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